The Senses. 315 



The taste goblets are balloon-shaped bodies, found prin- 

 cipally in the circumvallate papilla ; in the top of the 

 balloon or goblet is a depression or funnel, termed a ' taste- 

 pore.' 



With reference to the position of these taste goblets in 

 the lower animals, M'Kendrick gives the following details : 

 The taste goblets appear principally on the side of the 

 circumvallate papilke — 1,760 taste goblets were counted in 

 a papilla of the ox ; in the papilla foliata of the sheep 9,500 

 goblets, and in the ox as many as 30.000 goblets have been 

 observed. There can be no doubt that taste is due to these 

 bodies acting through the glossopharyngeal nerve, for 

 division of this nerve causes the goblets to degenerate. 



All the papillae of the tongue are made up on much the 

 same lines, viz., an elevation of the mucous membrane, 

 with vessels and nerves ramifying in its substance. In the 

 coating of epithelium which the circumvallate papillae 

 receive are to be found the taste goblets. 



In herbivora taste produces an abundant secretion from 

 the submaxillary and lingual glands, but not from the 

 parotid (Colin). 



The papilla? in the mouth of the ox appear to serve the 

 purpose of retaining the food in the mouth ; the hard rough 

 coating to the dorsum of the tongue is for cleaning pur- 

 poses, and to retain grasp of the food in grazing. This 

 condition is absent in the horse, who feeds with his lips 

 and teeth. 



The nerve of taste does not supply the tongue with 

 sensation ; the latter is derived from the lingual branch of 

 the fifth pair. It is quite possible for a tongue to have lost 

 its touch, and not its taste. The motor power is derived 

 from the twelfth pair of nerves, or hypoglossal. 



Hearing. 



The arrangement of the ear is best understood if we 

 describe it as consisting of two cavities containing air, 

 placed side by side but separated by a partition, one of the 

 cavities being brought into contact, by means of a flexible 



