350 A Manual of Veterinary Physiology. 



back throws the hind-part upwards, and at the same time 

 both legs are violently extended. A horse appears to have 

 little or no power of kicking if his head be kept up, or his 

 tail be fixed down. 



In Buck-jumping the animal springs bodily off the ground, 

 the back is violently arched, and the head depressed 

 between the fore-legs. 



In Lying- down the horse brings his four legs together 

 under his body, bends both knees and hocks, the knees 

 and chest touching the ground before the hind- quarters. 

 Whilst down he either lies extended on his side, or seated 

 on his chest, two lateral legs being under the body, and 

 two outside it; if on his near side, the near fore-foot is 

 close to the breast-bone, the elbow resting on the ground, 

 the hind-foot under the abdomen, the off fore-foot lying 

 close to the off elbow, but outside it as a rule, and the 

 point of the off hock is touching the ground. A horse 

 does not lie long in one position, owing probably to the 

 enormous weight of his body. 



In Rising he can only get up by extending both fore-feet 

 in front of him. The hind-quarters are now pressed up- 

 wards, assisted by the muscles of the back, and the animal 

 is immediately on his feet, the fore-part always rising before 

 the hind. 



The cow rises quite differently — in fact, the reverse of the 

 horse, the hind-quarters being the first to ascend. The 

 camel rises in the same manner. 



The Normal Daily Work of Horses, the rate at which 

 they are capable of performing it, and the power the)" 

 exercise in doing so must now be briefly considered. 



Rankine has laid down that the mechanical daily work 

 is the product of three quantities: (1) the effort : (2) the 

 rate; (3) the number of units of time per day during 

 which the work is continued. Our only difficulty here is 

 obtaining the value of the effort, which it is clear must 

 depend upon the nature of the work, the character of the 

 ground, the weight carried or drawn, and the physical fit- 

 ness of the animal. I have dealt with this question 



