56 VETERINARY STUDIES 



membrane may affect any portion of it. This is expressed 

 by irritation, inflammation, and discharge. 



Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining 

 the bronchial tubes. This may be acute and severe or chronic 

 and mild. Its characteristics are local irritation, chill, fever, 

 cough and discharge, with increased pulse and hurried respira- 

 tion, especially the cough. 



Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung substance, i.e., air 

 sacs or alveoli, air cells and other tissues of the lungs. Here 

 we have chill, fever, great depression, respiration hurried and 

 out of the usual ratio of about 1 : 4 with the pulse, increased 

 pulse, dark mucous membranes and marked fever, especially 

 the depression, greatly hurried respiration, and dark mucous 

 membranes, e.g., that of the eye. 



Congestion of the lungs is merely an over filling of the blood 

 vessels of the lungs to an extent that interferes with capacity 

 and movement of air in the alveoli and air cells. The symptoms 

 are those of suffocation, extremely short, hurried respiration and 

 dark mucous membranes. 



Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura and is local or gen- 

 eral. Its chief expression is extreme pain on movement of the 

 affected portion of the pleura as in breathing, coughing or any 

 movement of the body that affects the inflamed pleura. Other 

 symptoms noted by the veterinarian are e.g., fever, fluid in the 

 pleural (chest) cavity, friction sound, peculiar way of breath- 

 ing, etc. 



Tuberculosis often affects the lungs especially in cattle. This 

 is characterized by enlarged, cheesy and gritty abscess pockets 

 in the lung substance and glands of the thoracic cavity. 



Roaring is a disease of the larynx. In this one of the aryte- 

 noid cartilages is paralyzed, falls in the way of the air current 

 during inspiration and causes a noisy inspiration called roaring 

 when the horse is exerted. 



Heaves is another respiratory disorder, characterized by a 

 harsh cough and difficult expiration. (See Lect. XLVII.) 



