URINARY ORGANS 71 



quent urination, great thirst, loss of weight, lack of endurance 

 and unthrift. Treatment depends largely on removal of the 

 cause, often bad food or irritant medicine. Suppression of 

 urine is usually the result of obstruction in bladder or urethra, 

 disease of kidneys, paralysis of bladder and other such causes. 

 It is a symptom rather than a disease. Uremia or poisoning by 

 unexcreted products, is the disease which results from sup- 

 pression of the urine, and is apt to be serious. 



Azoturia (see Lecture XLIV) is not a disease of the urinary 

 organs, although very abnormal urine is a conspicuous symptom. 



Nephritis is an inflammation of one or both kidneys due to 

 irritant food or medicine, to injury from calculus (stone) infec- 

 tion, etc. It is indicated by condition of the urine — usually less 

 than normal and rich in sediment — by peculiar attitude and 

 movement — especially of the hind parts — and local dropsy of 

 the belly, scrotum, legs, and other parts. 



Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder due to infection, 

 injury, calculus or irritant medicines. It is indicated by per- 

 sistent, mild, colicky pains, uneasy movements of hind feet, and 

 frequent urination with persistent pain after each attempt. 

 Urine is often discharged in jets instead of in a continuous 

 stream. Remove the cause as soon as possible and call a veteri- 

 narian. 



Calculus (stone) in the bladder occasionally forms as 

 a deposit from the urine and causes trouble. Male cattle and 

 sheep that have been overfed on roots are apt to form small 

 calculi in the bladder or urethra. Small stones may escape from 

 the bladder and obstruct the urethra. Horses are liable to have 

 larger calculi in the bladder. The s^nnptoms then are those of 

 retention of urine and cystitis. Examination by rectum con- 

 firms the diagnosis. Removal may be made by veterinary 

 operation. 



