156 VETERINAEY STUDIES 



of the head, and the mucous membrane lining these cavities is 

 inflamed. 



Treatment. — ]\Iedical treatment under ordinary circumstances 

 is not practical; but much of the trouble may be prevented. 

 Before the sheep are turned out in the morning, their noses 

 may be smeared with tar or with a mixture of tar, turpentine, 

 and fish oil. They may be forced to take their salt through a 

 large hole bored in a log or a plank, tar being smeared around 

 the edges of the hole so that when the sheep take their salt, they 

 get tar around the nose and mouth. 



Catarrh in Sheep 



Sheep catarrh. — A form of catarrh is so frequently associated 

 with nasal grub that it seems best to insert a brief mention of 

 nonparasitic catarrh in this connection. 



Simple catarrh in sheep is usually due to bacteria, after cold 

 rains, imperfect ventilation, and damp quarters, or undue ex- 

 posure after early shearing have made the sheep less resistant. 

 In other words, it is a case of so called ' ' catching cold. ' ' Many 

 other cases of catarrh are due to parasitic invasion of the nasal 

 chambers and head sinuses. 



Symptoms. — The affected sheep are noticed to be sneezing 

 and coughing with discharge from the nose and eyes. The nasal 

 discharge is thin at first, gradually becoming thicker. Some 

 cases become chronic, especially when the subjects are weak 

 and unthrifty. The inflammation of the nasal mucous mem- 

 brane may extend into the head sinuses, causing extensive col- 

 lections of pus, and may also extend down the mucous mem- 

 brane lining the trachea. 



Prevention. — Nonparasitic catarrh is to be prevented, first of 

 all, by abundant ventilation. Sheep are very frequently housed 

 too closely in winter ; the interior of the building becomes damp, 

 and the conditions in general are unwholesome. Healthy sheep 

 do not need much protection in the winter-time, so far as warmth 

 is concerned. If they are well sheltered from cold rains, snows, 

 and cold winds, they are most thrifty with abundant ventilation. 

 Sheep that are shorn early in the spring need careful manage- 

 ment for a time in order to prevent this catarrh, however. 



Treatment. — Sick animals must have shelter which is dry, 

 reasonably warm, and well ventilated. They must be well fed. 



