250 VETERINARY STUDIES 



submaxillary lymph glands under the lower jaw should be ex- 

 amined particularly with reference to glanders. (See Glanders. 

 Lecture XLI.) 



Foul breath may show diseased tooth or diseased maxillary 

 sinus. 



The 2)oll should be examined for scars or other evidences of 

 present or previous poll-evil, which is a deep discharging sore 

 like fistulous withers. 



The withers should be examined for scars, for discharging 

 sores, and other evidences of fistulous withers. 



The shoulders should be examined for sweeny, sore neck, and, 

 particularly, for so called collar boils. The latter are either 

 flat and broad or more prominent tumors, which will usually 

 subject a horse to sore shoulders when he is put to work. 



The elbow should be examined for shoe boil ; the knee for 

 scars or what is commonly known as "broken knee," which 

 indicates that the horse is inclined to stumble, and also for knee 

 spavin, a bony enlargement, usually located on the inside. 



The cannon or shin bones must be examined for splints, and 

 behind them the tendons must be examined for evidences of 

 sprains and other injuries, which are usually indicated by a 

 thickening. 



Ankles are to be examined for evidences of interfering, and 

 fractures or other injuries of the sesamoid bones and attached 

 ligaments. The pastern is to be examined for ringbones, side- 

 bones, and evidences of the operation known as nerving. In 

 case of doubtful sidebone have the foot lifted and then examine 

 it again. Evidences of nerving are found in scars about mid- 

 way of the pastern on each side and just at the edge of the back 

 tendon. The sides of the back tendons should also be examined 

 just above the ankle for scars, which would suggest another nerv- 

 ing operation. The mere fact that a horse has been nerved, 

 whether going sound at the time of examination or not, is a 

 very serious objection. This operation is not usually resorted 

 to except as a measure of last resort, and it does not in any 

 sense cure the original disease. 



The feet should be examined for evidences of contraction at 

 the heels, for flatness or convexity of the sole, corns, founder, 

 navicular disease, thrush, and other foot diseases, such as quar- 

 ter and toe cracks, and serious injuries to the crown of the hoof 

 by sharp calks. 



