PHYLOGENY OF FUNGI 241 



teliospores instead of the homologous ascospores or 

 basidiospores, and in these plants the fruit body has 

 become so reduced as to be scarcely recognizable as such. 

 The excessive parasitism of these plants may account for 

 their physical degeneration. As to the origin of the 

 Brand Fungi it is probable that they came off from the 

 parasitic Ascosporeae rather early in the phyletic history, 

 and a possible relationship is here suggested with the 

 Exoascales, and the Phacidiales. 



417. The Imperfect Fungi are thought to be mainly 

 Ascosporeae that may have lost their ascospores through 

 excessive degeneration. It is probable, however, that 

 many of them are the conidial stages of Ascosporeae and 

 Basidiosporeae whose relationship is not yet recognized. 

 In recent years many conidial forms hitherto placed here 

 have been found to belong to well known ascigerous 

 fungi. 



LITERATURE OF CARPOMYCETEAE 



F. E. CLEMENTS, The Genera of Fungi, Minneapolis, 1909. 

 P. A. SACCARDO, Sylloge Fungorum, Vols. I to XXII, 1882-1913. 

 These are comprehensive works; the following include certain 

 portions of the Higher Fungi. 

 J. B. ELLIS and B. M. EVERHART, North American Pyrenomy- 



cetes, Newfield, 1892. 



BRUCE FINK, Lichens of Minnesota, Washington, 1910. 

 ALBERT SCHNEIDER, A Text-book of Lichenology, Binghamton, 



1897. 

 L. M. UNDERWOOD, Molds, Mildews and Mushrooms, New 



York, 1899. 



C. B. PLO WRIGHT, A Monograph of the British Uredineae and 

 Ustilagineaea, London, 1889. 



