306 PHYLUM XIV. ANTHOPHYTA 



(d) In a similar way and making similar comparisons study 

 the flower of Wild Geranium (Geranium), or Cultivated 

 Geranium (Pelargonium). 



(e) In the Violets and Pansy (Viola) make out especially 

 the structure of the pistil and its stigma, the fewer stamens (the 

 two lower extended backward), and the zygomorphic perianth. 



(/) In studying the flowers of Mustard (Brassica) or of 

 Radish (Raphanus), note particularly the reduction of the 

 general flower-parts to fours, with the carpels and outer whorl 

 of stamens further reduced to two. 



(g) In the Pinks (using Lychnis, Silene or Dianthus) observe 

 the disappearance of the septa in the ovary, leaving a free 

 central placenta, and note the number of styles and number and 

 arrangement of the stamens, petals and (united) sepals. 



(h) For the Primrose flower (Primula) make out the pistil 

 structure, comparing with that of the Pinks, the central pla- 

 cental column, the capitate stigma, the five stamens attached 

 to the tubular spreading corolla, and somewhat united sepals. 



(i) Note the similarities and dissimilarities in the structure 

 of the flower of Phlox as compared with Primula. 



0') Study the funnel-shaped Petunia flower noting especially 

 the reduction of the carpels to two and the slight zygomorphy 

 of some of the corollas. The more open flower of Solanum, or 

 the long-tubular flower of Nicotiana may be substituted for 

 Petunia. 



(k) In the Snapdragon (Antirrhinum) in addition to the 

 marked zygomorphy of the corolla, note that one of the stamens 

 (the posterior) has disappeared. Digitalis with similar stamens, 

 or Pentstemon with four fertile and one sterile stamen may be 

 substituted for Antirrhinum. 



(/) In the flowers of Sage (Salvia) or Horsemint (Monarda) 

 note the strongly-marked bilabiate structure, and the reduced 

 number of stamens, as well as the reduction of the pistil to two 

 bilobed, biovulate carpels. In Dead Nettle (Lamium) the 

 stamens are four instead of two. 



CUP FLOWERS 



661. The Strawberry (Fragaria) described above is 

 one of the simplest of the Cup Flowers; in fact it is so 



