332 Insect Pests. 



mark and four black lines mark their upper surface, and they liave a 

 white fringe around them. 



The figure, however, clearly indicates this species. 



In the attack at Aberlady the damage seemed at its zenith 

 towards the end of July, and it continued until the end of the month 

 at Cambridge. 



Mr. Hart noticed that it was mainly wall trees that were attacked, 

 especially near ivy-clad walls and clumps of evergreens. Stainton 

 also refers to it on tlie trees at the sides of his house. This I also 

 noticed in 1887 at Kingston-on-Thames (1) as well as at Eardiston. 



Although most varieties of pears seem to be attacked, the 

 Jargonelle and Doyenne de Comice have been particularly 

 mentioned. 



The larvti' produce more or less regular round blotches, chiefly 

 on the upper sides of the leaves, every now and then one is visible 

 from beneath. The blisters may reach h inch in diameter. The 

 mines are at first brownish and then turn dark purplish-brown to 

 black and marked outwardly by dark concentric rings formed by the 

 excreta of the larvii?. The leaves eventually decay away and fall off. 



Life-Htstoi;y and Habits. 



The moth ap[)ears at the end of April and beginning of May. 

 The blisters were first noticed by Mr. Hart in East Lothian in May. 



Then again in June and July and 

 into the first week in August. 

 ]Mr. Eustace Banks told me he 

 has bred this species in June 

 from larvae found in the previous 

 autumn, and also in May and 

 June from larva- found in Sep- 

 tember. The moth has leaden- 

 grey fore wings with a brownish- 

 (Greatiy enlarged.) grey strcak running from the 



costa obliquely across the wing ; 

 two white streaks also run from the costa, nearer the tip, separated 

 by a coppery band, which runs half across the wing; beneath 

 these is a black spot with a violet pupil, the fringe is dingy with 

 four radiating dark lines; hind wings leaden-grey with pale grey 

 cilia. Wing expanse \ inch. 



The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves. 



The larvoe on hatching enter the leaf from the lower surface. At 



FIG. 218.— LARVA OF Ceiniof<t 



