II NOTES 97 



supposed it to be, of men and things. And it added 

 to the necessity of knowledge, the necessity of purity, 

 of courtesy, of uprightness, of peace and of a universal 

 love far reaching, grown great and beyond measure." 

 (Rhys Davids, llibhert Lectures, p. 29.) 



The contemporary Greek philosophy takes an 

 analogous direction. According to Heracleitus, the 

 universe was made neither by Gods nor men ; but, 

 from all eternity, has been, and to all eternity, 

 will be, immortal fire, glowing and fading in 

 due measure. (Mullach, HeracUti Fragmeida, 27.) 

 And the part assigned by his successors, the 

 Stoics, to the knowledge and the volition of the ' wise 

 man' made their Divinity (for logical thinkers) a 

 subject for compliments, rather than a power to be 

 reckoned with. In Hindu speculation the ' Arahat,' 

 still more the ' Buddha,' becomes the superior of 

 Brahma ; the stoical ' wise man ' is, at least, the 

 equal of Zeus. 



Berkeley affirms over and over again that no idea can 

 be formed of a soul or spirit — " If any man shall doubt 

 of the truth of what is here delivered, let him but 

 reflect and try if he can form any idea of power or 

 active being ; and w^hether he hath ideas of two 

 principal powers marked by the names of will and 

 understanding distinct from each other, as well as 

 from a third idea of substance or being in general, 

 with a relative notion of its supporting or being the 

 subject of the aforesaid power, which is signified by 

 the name soid or spirit. This is what some hold : 

 but, so far as I can see, the words will, soul, spirit, 



VOL. IX H 



