4 CONTENTS. 



ate — Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand — Wealth and Popu- 

 lation of the Moorish Capitals — The Government, Arms, and 

 Military Tactics of the Arabs — Revenue, Trade, and Marine 

 of Spain under the Saracens — Reduction of Sicily by the 

 Normans, and final Overthrow of the Mohammedan Power in 

 Europe 39 



CHAPTER III. 



LITERATURE OP THE ARABS. 



The Arabs turn their Attention to Learning — Their rapid Pro- 

 gress — Literary Ardour and Patronage of the CaHphs — Haroun 

 al Raschid — Almamoun — Vathek — College of Mostanser at 

 Bagdad — Academies and Libraries founded in Persia, Syria, 

 Egypt, Africa, and Spain — Course of Study in the Saracen 

 Schools — Grammar — Rhetoric — Poetry — Tales — Arabian 

 Nights' Entertainments— Story-tellers— History— Biography- 

 Numismatics — Geography — Statistics — Metaphysics — Medi- 

 cine and Medical Authors — Rhazes — Avicenna — Pharmacy — 

 Anatomy and Surgery — Botany — Chymistry — Astrology — As- 

 tronomy — Optics — Mathematics — Trigonometry — Algebra — 

 Arithmetic — Architecture — The Fine Arts — Painting — Cal- 

 ligraphy — Music — Agriculture — Manufactures in Steel, Por- 

 celain, and Leather — Claims of the Arabs as the Restorers 

 of Letters and the Importers of useful Arts and Inventions 

 into Europe 60 



CHAPTER IV. 



CIVIL HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT OF ARABIA. 



Extinction of the SaracenPower— Formation of new Kingdoms 

 in the East — Victories and Dominions of Timur — Conquests 

 of the Turks and Portuguese in Arabia— Selim I. obtains the 

 Investiture of the Caliphate — Expulsion of the Turks by the 

 Independent Arab Chiefs — Dominions of the Imam of Sanaa 

 — His Government, Revenues, and Military Force — Descrip- 

 tion of Sanaa — Visits of European Travellers to that Capital 

 — Principal Towns in Yemen— Beit el Fakih— Taas — Mocha 

 — Aden— Government of Hadramaut — Of Oman — Description 

 of Muscat — Court, Revenues, and Commercial Enterprise of 

 the Imam — Islands of Bahrein — Pearl Fisheries — Depreda 

 tions of the Joassamee Pirates in the Persian Gulf— Various 

 Expeditions from India to suppress them — Reduction of Ras 

 el Khyma and their principal Fortresses — Arab Settlers on 

 the Persian Frontier — Classification of the wandering Be- 

 douin Tribes— Their migratory Habits and Military Strength 

 — Government of their Sheiks— Their Laws and Judicial 

 Trials— Reflections on their Political Institutions . . .108 



