58 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [Booki. 



perfectly carried out by de l'Obel and Bauhin, is to a great 

 extent effaced ; the ninth class certainly contains only Mono- 

 cotyledons, but not all of them. This result of great efforts on 

 the part of a mind so well trained as Cesalpino's is highly 

 unsatisfactory. Not a single new group founded on natural 

 affinities is established, which does not appear already in the 

 herbals of Germany and the Netherlands. It is characteristic 

 of the natural system to reveal itself to a certain extent more 

 readily to instinctive perception than to the critical understand- 

 ing. We have seen that Cesalpino intended as far as possible 

 to give expression in his system to natural affinities, and the 

 final result was a series of highly unnatural groups, almost 

 every one of which is a collection of the most heterogeneous 

 forms. The cause of this apparently so remarkable fact is this, 

 that he believed that he could establish on predetermined 

 grounds the marks which indicate natural affinities. The 

 uninterrupted labour of nearly 300 years, starting again 

 and again from the same principle or practically under its 

 influence, has given us inductive proof that the path taken 

 by Cesalpino is the wrong one. And if, while this path was 

 pursued even into the middle of the 1 8th century, we see natural 

 groups emerge with increasing distinctness, it is because the 

 botanist, though on the wrong track, was still continually 

 gaining better acquaintance with the ground over which he was 

 wandering, and attained at length to an anticipation of the truer 

 way. 



Joachim Jung 1 was born in Liibeck in the year 1587, and 

 died after an eventful life in 1657. He was a contemporary of 

 Kepler, Galileo, Vesal, Bacon, Gassendi, and Descartes. After 

 having been already a professor in Giessen, he applied himself 

 to the study of medicine in Rostock, was in Padua in 161 8 and 



1 See his biography by Guhrauer, ' Joachim Jungius und sein Zeitalter,' 

 Tubingen, 1850; on his place in philosophy consult Ueberweg( : Geschichte 

 der Philosophic,' Hi. p. 119), who regards him as a forerunner of Leibnitz. 



