Chap, ii.] from Cesalpino to Linnaeus. 61 



that their parts are not all growing at the same time, for leaves 

 and shoots cease to grow as soon as they arrive at maturity ; 

 but then new leaves, shoots, and flowers are produced. A 

 plant is said to propagate itself when it produces another 

 specifically like itself; this is the idea in its broader accepta- 

 tion. We see that here? as in Cesalpino, the idea of the species 

 is connected with that of propagation. The second chapter, 

 headed 'Plantae Partitio,' treats of the most important mor- 

 phological relations in the external differentiation of plants ; 

 here Jung adheres essentially to Cesalpino's view, that the 

 whole body in all plants, except the lowest forms, is composed 

 of two chief parts, the root as the organ which takes up the 

 food, and the stem above the ground which bears the fructi- 

 fication. Jung, too, draws attention to the meeting-point of 

 the two parts, Cesalpino's ' cor,' but under the name of ' fundus 

 plantae.' 



The upper part, or a portion of the plant, is either a stem, a 

 leaf, a flower, a fruit, or a structure of secondary importance, 

 such as hairs and thorns. His definition of the stalk and the 

 leaf is noteworthy ; the stalk, he says, is that upper part which 

 stretches upwards in such a manner, that a back and front, 

 a right and left side, are not distinguished in it. A leaf is that 

 which is extended from its point of origin in height, or in 

 length and breadth, in such a manner, that the bounding 

 surfaces of the third dimension are different from one another, 

 and therefore the outer and inner surfaces of the leaf are 

 differently organised. The inner side of the leaf, which is 

 also called the upper, is that which looks towards the stem, and 

 is therefore concave or less convex than the other side. One 

 conclusion he draws, which is a striking one for that time, that 

 the compound leaf is taken for a branch by inexperienced or 

 negligent observers, but that it may easily be determined by 

 having an inner and an outer surface, like the simple leaf, and 

 by falling off as a whole in autumn. He calls a plant ' diflfor 

 miter foliata,' whose lower leaves are strikingly different from 



