62 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [Book i. 



the upper, an idea which Goethe, in the fragment in Guhrauer, 

 seems to have altogether misunderstood. 



In connection with these general definitions, the different 

 forms of the stem and of the ramification, and the varieties of 

 leaves are pointed out and supplied with distinctive names, 

 which are for the most part still in use. The fourth chapter 

 treats of the division of the stem into internodes ; if the stem 

 or branch, says Jung, is regarded as a prismatic body, the 

 articulations, that is, the spots where a branch or a leaf-stalk 

 arises, are to be conceived of as cross-sections parallel to the 

 base of the prism. These spots when they are protuberant are 

 called knees or nodes, and that which lies between such spots 

 is an internode. 



It is not possible to quote all the many excellent details 

 which follow these definitions ; but some notice must be taken 

 of Jung's theory of the flower, which he gives at some length 

 from the 13th to the 27th chapters. It suffers, as in Cesalpino, 

 from his entire ignorance of the difference of sexes in plants, 

 which is sufficient to render any satisfactory definition of the 

 idea of a flower impossible. Like Cesalpino too he distin- 

 guishes the pistil from the flower, instead of making it a part of 

 the flower. He regards the flower as a more delicate part of 

 the plant, distinguished by colour or form, or by both, and con- 

 nected with the young pistil. Like all botanists up to the end 

 of the 1 8th century, he follows Cesalpino in including under the 

 term fruit both the dry indehiscent fruits which were supposed 

 to be naked seeds, and any seed-vessel. He differs from him in 

 calling the stamens 'stamina,' and the style 'stilus,' but like 

 Cesalpino he uses the word ' folium ' for the corolla. He calls 

 a flower perfect only when it has all these three parts. He 

 afterwards describes the relations of form and number in the 

 parts of the flower, and among other things he enunciates the 

 first correct view of the nature of the capitulum in the Com- 

 positae, which Cesalpino quite misunderstood ; and he examined 

 inflorescences and superior and inferior flowers, which Cesalpino 



