74 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [Book i. 



four classes founded on quite petty and unimportant differ- 

 ences. Finally, if Ray recognised the general importance to 

 the system of the leaf-formation in the embryo, he was still far 

 from strictly separating all Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. 



Ray's chief merit is that he to some extent recognised 

 natural affinities in their broader features ; the systematic 

 separation of the smaller groups was but little advanced by 

 him. He too, like Morison, found two adherents in Germany 

 in the persons of Christopher Knaut (1638-16 94), who pub- 

 lished a flora of Halle in 1687 arranged after Ray's method, 

 and Christian Schellhammer (1649-17 16), professor at Helm- 

 stadt and afterwards at Jena. 



Augustus Quirinus Bachmann (Rivinus) l (1652-1725) 

 was for Germany what Morison and Ray were for England, and 

 Tournefort for France. From the year 1 691 he was Professor of 

 botany, physiology, materia medica, and chemistry in Leipsic ; 

 he applied himself with such ardour to astronomy that he injured 

 his eyesight by observing spots in the sun. With such a variety 

 of occupations it is not surprising that his special knowledge of 

 plants was inconsiderable when compared with that of the three 

 just named ; but he was better able than they to appreciate 

 the principles of morphology laid down by Jung, and to use 

 them for deciding questions of systematic botany. He did 

 most service by his severe strictures on the more prominent 

 errors which botanists up to his time had persisted in, his own 

 positive contributions, at least as far as the recognition of affinities 

 is concerned, being inconsiderable. His ' Introductio univer- 

 salis in rem herbariam,' which appeared in 1690, and contains 

 39 pages of the largest size, is the most interesting for us j in 



1 A. Q. Bachmann (Rivinus) was the third son of Andreas Bachmann, a 

 physician and philologist of Halle. He is said to have spent 80,000 

 florins on the publication of his works and the providing them with 

 the 500 copper-plates with which they were illustrated. A life of him 

 and just estimate of his work, by Du Petit-Thouars, is to be found in 

 the ' Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne.' 



