94 Artificial Systems and Terminology of [Booki. 



evidently introduces the divisions in the ' Philosophia/ in order 

 that it may be seen how far the statements that follow are 

 applicable to all the Vegetabilia or only to certain sections of 

 them. The parts in the individual plant which the beginner 

 must distinguish are three ; the root, the herb 1 , and the parts 

 of fructification, in which enumeration Linnaeus departs from 

 his predecessors, by whom the fructification and the herb 

 together are opposed to the root. In the central part 

 of the plant is the pith, enclosed by the wood which is 

 formed from the bast ; the bast is distinct from the rind, 

 which again is covered by the epidermis ; these anatomical 

 facts are from Malpighi ; the statement that the pith grows by 

 extending itself and its envelopes is borrowed from Mariotte. 

 Cesalpino's view on the formation of the bud is expressed by 

 Linnaeus in the statement, that the end of a thread of the pith 

 passing through the rind is resolved into a bud, etc. The bud 

 is a compressed stem, capable of unlimited extension till 

 fructification puts a term to vegetation. The fructification is 

 formed by the leaves uniting into a calyx, from which the apex 

 of a branch issues as a flower about one year in advance, while 

 the fruit arising from the substance of the pith cannot begin 

 a new life till the woody substance of the stamens has been 

 absorbed by the fluids of the pistil. In this way Linnaeus 

 corrected Cesalpino's theory of the flower, that he might take 

 into account the sexual importance of the stamens discovered 

 by Camerarius. He concludes by saying that there is no new 

 creation but only a continuous generation, for which he gives 

 the remarkable and thoroughly Cesalpinian reason, ' cum cor- 

 culum seminis constat parte radicis medullari.' 



The root, which takes up the food, and produces the stem 

 and the fructification, consists of pith, wood, bast, and rind, 

 and is divided into the two parts, ' caudex ' and ' radicula.' 



1 Linnaeus uses the word ' herba ' for the older word ' germen, 1 which 

 with him means the ovary. 



