10 



CLASS MAMMALIA. 



ORDER C II E I K O P T E R A. 



loped in a broad, expanded membrane ; fingers of fore feet shorter than 

 fore arm ; nails much hooked, and rather com- 

 pressed ; mamma pectoral. 



The animals composing this genus have 

 some general resemblance to the Bats and 

 Lemures: from the latter of which, how- 

 ever, they difler, in the elongation of the 

 head, and the smallness of the eyes, and, 

 from the former, in the shortness of the 

 fingers of the fore feet, which prevents the 

 membrane, expanded from the anterior to the 

 posterior extremities, from being used for fly- 

 ing, as by the Bats. The Cdugos are found 

 in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, live 



among trees, and feed upon insects ; perhaps 



, , . , , . , Galeopitbecus. 



also on fruit and birds. 



The most important species are, the Eed Cdugo (G. Rufus), which 

 measures about a foot long ; upper part of the body bright chestnut red ; 

 under light red ; iusides of the legs and the neck white. Native of the 

 Pelew Islands : is capable of running on the ground, but climbs trees, and 

 in dropping from branch to branch, spreads out the lateral membranes 

 attached to the limbs. 



The Mottled Colugo (G. Variegatus) is only about half the size of the 

 Red Colugo ; upper parts ashy brown, with occasional deeper shades, and 

 spotted with white on the membranes and limbs ; under parts greyish 

 brown. This animal is considered by Audebert as the young of the G. 

 Rufus. It is noted by Mr. Finlayson, in his account of " The Mission to 

 Siam and Hue," as one of the animals found at Penang. It is also found 

 in the Moluccas. 



CHEIROPTERA. CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. 



Family 1. FRUCTITORA. 



1. PTEROPUS (Gr. irrepov, a wing, and vovc, afoot). Incisive teeth in 

 each jaw four, placed in a close, regular, semicircular form in the upper, 

 but often irregularly in the lower jaw ; in those species furnished with a 

 tail, regular in both jaws ; cuspid teeth long, compressed, and having three 

 faces ; molar teeth ten or eight in the upper, and twelve in the lower jaw, 

 the first and last varying in size proportionally to the bulk of the others ; 

 muzzle sharp ; ears of moderate size ; tongue rough and furnished with 

 papilla? ; wing membranes large ; interfemoral membranes forming only an 

 edging to the hind limbs of greater or less size, in some enclosing the tail, 

 in others only partially, and in some not at all. 



Family 2. LEAFLESS-NOSED BATS. 



2. MOLOSSUS. Incisive teeth bifid, two above, grooved in front, two 

 below small and deciduous ; cuspid longish, conical in the lower jaw nearly 

 approximated, so as scarcely to leave room for the incisive ; molar four on 

 a side above, five below, their crowns studded with numerous points, 

 except the front, which have but one; snout long, upper lip pendulous; 

 auricles large, broad, and united at their base. 



Family 3. LEAF-NOSED BATS. 



3. PHYLLOSTOMA (Gr. ^XXw, a leaf, -and ttT 6^a, a mouth). Two or 

 four incisive teeth in the upper jaw, of which the middle two are the 

 largest ; in the lower jaw four smaller and close set ; cuspid teeth two in 

 each jaw, the upper sometimes separated from the incisive by a gap ; 

 molar either eight in each jaw, or eight in the upper and ten in the lower| 

 or ten in each jaw, or ten in the upper and twelve in the lower jaw, all 

 having pointed crowns, the anterior two or three single, and the rest many- 

 pointed ; muzzle more or less elongated, the lower jaw sometimes longer 

 than the upper ; upon the top of the nose two cartilages, one erect and of 

 a leaf-like form, the other horizontal and horse-shoe shaped ; thumb of the 

 hand clawed ; middle finger four-jointed, and all the fingers nail-less; hind 



toes all clawed ; iuterfemoral membrane more or less perfect ; tail short or 

 entirely deficient. 



4. NOCTILIO (Lat Nox, night). Incisive teeth, above four, of which 

 the middle two large and conical, the lateral small and tuber- 

 cular, beloic two minute and bifid ; cuspid long and conical ; molar 

 pointed, four on a side in the upper, and five in the lower jaw ; snout 

 short, expanded, and cleft, covered with little warty or fleshy tubercles ; 

 nose confounded with upper lip, nostrils slightly tubular, approximated, anil 

 prominent ; ears small and lateral ; interfemoral membrane very large and 

 projecting ; tail of moderate length mostly included in the membrane ; 

 claws of hind legs very strong. 



5. NYCTERIS (Gr. wKrtpif, from vw, night). Incisive teeth, above four, 

 contiguous, fixed in a moveable, intermaxillary bone, below six ; cuspid 

 large and distinct ; molar four on a side in each jaw ; cheek-pouches per- 

 forated at bottom to give passage to air into the cellular membrane ; from 

 the forehead to the tip of the nose a deep longitudinal groove, in front of 

 which are the nostrils, each terminating in a small longitudinal canal, and 

 generally closed ; ears longer than the head ; skin very loosely connected 

 with body, and forming a bag around the animal ; tail as long as the body, 

 enveloped in membrane, and terminating in a bifid vertebra ; feet five-toed, 

 the long toes of the fore feet without claws. 



6. NYCTICEIUS (Gr. vv, night). Incisive teeth, above, two, separated by 

 a wide space approximated to the cuspid and shaqily indented ; below, six, 

 truncated, cuspid, without tubercles at their base. 



7. PLECOTUS (Gr. jrXeVw, I plait, and owe, <iroc, an ear). Auricles much 

 larger than the head, and connected by their base with each other ; lesser 

 auricles lancet-shaped, and the auditory passage furnished with a valve ; 

 incisive teeth in the upper jaw four, and in the lower six ; cuspid two in 

 each jaw ; molar, in the upper jaw five on a side, and in the lower six ; 

 muzzle simple ; mouth furnished with cheek pouches ; tail long and in- 

 cluded in the interfemoral membrane. 



8. RHINOLOPHUS (Gr. piv, a nose, and Xo^oc, a crest). Incisive teeth, 

 two in the upper jaw; in the moveable intermaxillary bone frequently 

 deciduous, and four in the lower jaw, short and trifid ; cuspid teeth 

 long, conical, and distinct ; molar five on a side in each jaw, or five 

 on a side in the upper and six in the lower jaw, the anterior false and 

 one or two pointed ; the others pointed and tritorial ; muzzle obtuse ; 

 nose furnished with a very complicated membranaceous apparatus, that 

 part of it in front of the nostrils always assuming a horse-shoe form, that 

 behind varying in figure according to the species, and the nostrils themselves 

 being funnel-shaped ; auricles large, simple, and unprovided with opercules ; 

 body furnished with digital, lumbar, and anal membranes, which are not 

 covered with hair ; upon the breasts two teats furnished with milk tubes, 

 and upon the pubes two warts without milk tubes ; the joint of the first 

 finger is single, short, and rudimentary, the others have but two joints ; tail 

 contained in the anal membrane, and generally not extending beyond it. 



9. RHINOPOMA (Gr. piv, a nose, and irw/ja, an opercule). Incisive teeth in 

 the upper jaw, two small ones apart from each other, in the lower four ; 

 two moderate-sized cuspid in each jaw ; molar four on a side in the upper 

 and five in the lower jaw, the anterior of these false, the others pointed and 

 tritorial ; nose long, conical, cut square at its tip, and furnished with a small 

 leaf-like cartilage ; nostrils narrow, transverse, and guarded with a small 

 lobe like an opercule ; forehead broad and concave ; auricles large, con- 

 nected together, inclining on the face, and furnished with an outer lobe or 

 opercule; interfemoral membrane narrow, square, and enveloping only tin- 

 base of the tail. There are but a few species of this genus known, and 

 they have the same habits as our Bats. 



10. TAPHOZOUS (Gr. ra^oc, a tomb, and au, Hive). Upper incisive teeth 

 two, sometimes deficient, lower four three-lobed ; cuspid tooth long, conical ; 

 molar five on a side in each jaw, the anterior two of each very small, 

 scarcely visible, the others with pointed crowns ; head pyramidal, with a 

 roundish pit on the forehead; ears large, distant; nostrils small, circular, 

 and partially concealed ; upper lip very thick ; tail short, its basal half 



