ILLUSTRATIONS OF ZOOLOGY. 



FIKST DIVISION. 



VERTEBRATE ANIMALS. 



The Vertebrate Animals are those whose special arrangement consists in a series of bones firmly connected, yet possessing freedom of 

 motion the several bones being moveable on one another. The term comes from the Latin Vertebra, " a joint in the back-bone ;" 

 and this from Verto, "I turn." 



CLASS I. M A M M A L I A. 



The Mammalians are warm and red-blooded animals, they respire through lungs ; and they all suckle their young, nourishing them by 

 a milky secretion formed in the Mammce (breasts or teats), hence the name Mammalia. 



ORDER I. QUADRUMANA. 



THIS order comprehends the two large families of Monkeys and Lemurs, 

 which have their hind feet converted into hands, by being furnished with 

 thumbs. 



Family 1. MONKEYS; Simcrida. 



The members of this family approach nearest of all animals, in form, 

 appearance, and habits, to those of the human race. They mimic, as it 

 were, the " Lords of the Creation ;" hence their appellation from the 

 Latin Simia, " an imitator." 



ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 

 PLATE 1. 



Genera. Species. 



Simla ------- Satyrus - 



f Maurus - 

 Semnopithecus - - - - < , T . 



^asicus - 



Cynocephalus - - 



Mormon - - - - 



Common Name, 



Orang-Outang. 

 Lotong. 



Proboscis Monkey. 

 Great Baboon. 



Cebus 



Hapale 



PLATE 2. 



iRuber- - - - 



Fatuellus - - - 



Sciureus - - - 



Paniscus - - - 

 fCommunis 

 1 Rosalia - 



Red Monkey. 

 Horned Monkey. 

 Squirrel Monkey. 

 Four-fingered Monkey. 

 Striated Monkey. 

 Silky Monkey. 



Other Genera of this Family : Cercopithecus, Hylobates, Nyctipithecus. 



CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. 



1. SIMIA (Gr. aip.ot, a fat nose). Teeth close- set and continuous; four 

 incisive in each jaw, erect and cutting ; cuspid teeth rather longer than the 

 former ; molar teeth five on a side in each jaw, the anterior two bicuspid, 

 the posterior three quadricuspid ; muzzle long, truncated, or rounded ante- 

 riorly; facial angle from 35 3 to30; face naked ; nostrils separated by a 

 narrow septum ; ears like those of a man ; no cheek pouches ; two pectoral 

 teats ; neither tail nor callosities ; all the feet five-toed and furnished with 

 flat nails. 



2. SEMNOPITHECUS (Gr. atfivos, venerable and widr)Kof, a Monkey). In- 

 cisive teeth four in each jaw, two middle ones of upper jaw broader than 

 the others ; cuspid teeth long, pointed, slightly inclining outwards ; in the 

 upper jaw the second bicuspid rather longer than the first, both divided by 

 a deep longitudinal groove, and the outer larger than the inner point ; in 

 the lower jaw the first so-called bicuspid pyramidal, single-pointed, and 

 tall, the second similar to the second upper bicuspid, but with a small 

 additional ridge near the base of the crown ; molar teeth three on a side in 

 either jaw, and on the crown of each four points, except the third, which 

 has five points ; head long from before backwards, compressed laterally, 



and rounded behind ; face naked, flat above, and rather prominent below ; 

 nose depressed at its base ; nostrils lateral, oblong, and semilunar ; ears 

 margined ; body slender, limbs very long, especially the posterior ; thumbs 

 minute and near to the fingers ; tail very long ; rump furnished with callo- 

 sities ; cheek-pouches rudimental. 



3. CYNOCEPHALUS (Lat. dog-headed). Incisive teeth four in each jaw, 

 close set, and upright ; cuspid longer than the former, conical or pyramidal, 

 and sharp on their hinder edge ; molar five on a side in each jaw, the first 

 twice as long as the others, the last rather larger than the rest and in many 

 species five-pointed ; muzzle prominent ; nostrils divided by a narrow 

 septum; facial angle varying between 45 and 30'; face bare; cheek- 

 pouches ; auricles either with or without the edge turned over ; all the feet 

 five-toed, and the nails either flat or slightly arched ; rump furnished with 

 callosities ; tail of different lengths, in some species long, in others short, 

 and in a few a mere tubercle. 



4. CEBUS (Gr. dj/3oe, an Ape with a tail). Teeth as in man, with the 

 addition of four more molar teeth; tail long; no cheek-pouches; the rump 

 hairy and without callosities ; nostrils piercing the sides of the nose and not 

 at the under part. 



5. PITHECIA (Gr. 7r/0>jicoc, a Monkey). Incisive teeth close-set, in the 

 upper jaw four obliquely prominent, and separated by a gap from the 

 cuspid, in the lower jaw also projecting, long, narrow, and the outer ones 

 narrowed toward their tip ; cuspid teeth long, trigonal, and pyramidal ; 

 molar teeth six on a side in each jaw, their crowns armed with six blunt 

 tubercles ; head rounded ; muzzle obtuse ; chin sometimes bearded ; ears 

 with their edges curled ; nostrils separated by a wider septum than the 

 space supporting the upper incisive teeth ; tail of various length, and largely 

 covered with loose hair ; feet five-toed, the nails flat. 



6. HAPALE (Gr. airaXoc, soft). Incisive teeth nearly upright, close, and 

 four in each jaw ; the lower sometimes longer and narrower than the upper ; 

 cuspid teeth conical, longer than the incisive, to which they are contiguous 

 in the lower, but from which they are distant in the upper jaw ; molar 

 teeth having a broad surface, studded with little points, five on a side in 

 each jaw ; face bare, nostrils separated by a broad septum, and expanded 

 laterally ; no cheek-pouches ; ears flat ; buttocks hairy, tail long, and not 

 prehensile ; feet five-toed, the nails compressed and pointed, except those 

 of the great toes of the hind feet, which are flattened ; the thumbs of the 

 fore feet hardly separated from the fingers. 



7. CERCOPITHECUS (Gr. KipKoe, a tail, irWrieof, an Ape). Cheek-pouches ; 

 the last molar tooth in the lower jaw having four tubercles as the others ; 

 tail ; callosities on the rump. 



8. HYLOBATES (Gr. v\?j, a wood, fiaivia, / walk). Teeth regularly 

 arranged, without any gap; incisive four in each jaw, upright; cuspid 

 rather longer than the incisive, conical ; molar five on a side in either jaw, 

 anterior two bicuspid, posterior three qnadricuspid ; facial angle 60 : 



