154 Tlie Commercial Products of the Sea. 



medicine, as a food and emollient, and in lubricating ; 

 hake and haddock-liver oil, used in adulterating cod-liver 

 oil ; pollock oil, used by the Shetlanders for illumination ; 

 menhaden oil, used in currying leather, in rope-making, for 

 lubricating, as a paint oil, and exported to Europe for the 

 manufacture of soap and for smearing sheep. Herring oil, 

 white fish oil, sturgeon oil, shark oil, and many other oils 

 obtained from fishes, and a large part of the seal and black 

 whale oil are known indiscriminately as fish oil, and em- 

 ployed for various manufacturing uses. Oulachan oil is 

 used by the Indians of the north-west coast of America, 

 for food and illumination. Shark and skate liver oil, includ- 

 ing the " Rouen oil," made on the coast of Normandy from 

 the liver of Raia aquila, R. pastinaca, and R. batis, are used 

 like cod-liver oil. 



The bones and debris from the menhaden, herring, 

 cod, and other fisheries form fish guano. The scales of 

 fish are used in ornamental work, in manufacturing 

 flowers and other fancy articles. Among those so em- 

 ployed are the scales of parrot-fishes (Scarickz and 

 Labridcs), of mullets (Mugilidcs)^ of sheep's-head, etc. 

 (Sparidce\ of drum and bass fish (Scicenidce), of Serranidcs 

 and perches (Percidce and Labracidce), of Lobotida, of 

 tarpum (Elopidcz), of herrings (Clupcidtz), of Cyprinida ; of 

 eels, used in the north of Europe to give a pearly lustre 

 in ornamental house-painting ; of gar pikes, used by Indians 

 for arrow tips ; also those of sturgeons, for implements. 

 Pearl white, or essence d'Orient, prepared from the scales of 

 Alburnns lucidus and other Cyprinidce and Clupcidce,\s used 

 in making artificial pearls. The shagreen of the trigger-fish 

 (Batistes) is employed in polishing wood ; that of sharks as 

 leather and for polishing purposes, particularly in the 

 manufacturing of quill pens. 



