80 ////: BOM - 



and haw BO vertebral fornmiim; tin- posterior facets f>r articulation with tin- u\ 

 nearly lint and join ach other. The usi* I, ivliiidrical, not a conical, odontoid 



prooww. which is .-o concave mi its upper .surface that it lo-'ks like a grome. It- >pin.nis 

 process is n't so thick as in the llor.-e, and is not bifid interiorly. 



In thc/iiv sun;, ////</ rti-lil>r;i',u rugged continuous lamina unites tlic anterior urticul:ir 

 processes to the posterior. Tlio .spinons proces^ inclines t'<>r\\unl and is llattened i 



\ at its .Minimit, which is sometimi > bitll ; it augments pn>-n --i\ely in height 

 from tlio third to the fifth vertebra. 



In the tisllt, tin- transver.-e processes have only two prolongations a 8U|x-riur and 

 inferior; tin; latter, large and flattened on Uitli sides, is Kent abruptly downwards. The 

 spinous process has already attained the height of U to 2 inches in" thi> \. rtc Inn. and 

 is flattened hit rally. 



The fd-tntli well deserves the name of prontinvns : its Bpinous process being ii" ! tt 

 than from -1 to If inchts. 



2. Dorsal vertvbrx. In the Ox these bones arc longer and thicker than in the Horse. 

 Their spinons processes are larger and incline more backward ; their transverse pr< > 



are very voluminous, and are provided with a convex facet from above to below ; while 

 their posterior notches are nearly always converted into foramina. 



Considered individually, they are more slender in the middle than at the extremities. 

 Their spinons processes diminish in width, especially at their summits, from the li 

 the eleventh vertebra, and widen again in the two last ; they progressively increa-' in 

 slope to the tenth, after which they become more and more upright ; the first four arc 

 the longest, and are nearly the same in height : the others gradually decrease. 

 (-. In the first four or five vertebra?, the articular facet of tlie transverse processes, while 

 retaining its vertical convexity, is concave in an antero-posterior direction. This facet is 

 always absent in the last vertebra, and sometimes even in the preceding one. The two 

 Ixmes terminating the dorsal region show, in addition, the articular processes disposed 

 like those of the lumbar vertebrae. 



The dorsal vertebra) of the Sheep and Goaf arc relatively less strong than those of the 

 Ox ; their spinous processes are not so wide, and their posterior notches are never c< in- 

 verted into foramina. 



3. Lumbar vertebras. The lumbar vertebras of the Ox are longer and thicker than in 

 the Horse. The transverse processes are also generally more developed, are concave on the 

 anterior border, convex on the posterior, and incline slightly downward, with the 

 exception of the two first, which remain nearly horizontal. They increase in length from 

 the first to the fourth vertebra; in the latter and the fifth, they are nearly of the Mime 

 dimensions; in the last they suddenly become shorter. Their width gradually decreases 

 from before to behind. In the fifth and sixth vertebra, these processes have no articular 

 facets between them and the sacrum, these being only met with in solipeds. The artic- 

 ular processes are prominent, and further removed from the median line as they belong 

 to posterior vertebra;. 



In the Goat the transverse processes are more inclined downwards. 



In the Sheep, on the contrary, the processes rise tip towards their extremities. 



4. Sacrum. The tacrurn of the Ox is more voluminous nnd curved than that of the 

 Horse. The spinous processes are entirely consolidated, and are surmounted by a thick 

 nigged lip ; they are lengthened at their base and on each side by a ridge that represents 

 the rudiments of the articular processes. The lateral borders are sharp and l>cnt down- 

 wards. The surfaces that serve to unite the sacrum lo the os.-a innominata have a some- 

 what vertical direction. There are no lateral facets on the base of the Done for the union 

 of the sacrum with the transverse processes of the last lumbar veitebra. In the >7/?y> 

 and '.'"(/ the sacrum is shorter; sometimes the consolidation of the spinous pi or. 

 late, or never occurs. 



5. Coccygeal vertebrae. In proportion, the coccygeal vertebral of ruminants are 

 stronger and more tuberous than those of the Horse. The anterior articular processes 

 exist in a rudimentary condition. 



B. VKKTKIW/E OF Tin: 1'u;. 1. <\n-!rl r, ,/<!, r.r. Of all the domesticated animals. 

 this has the shortest, the widest, the most tnl'erous. and consequently i] H . strong. .-(. cervi- 

 cal vertebra). The body of these Ixme.s is deprived of its crest mi the inferior fae 

 head, but little detached, is scarcely round, and looks on if driven back on itself ; con- 

 sequently, its posterior cavity is not deep. 



The vertebral lamina) are very narrow, and scarcely extend from one part of the 

 vertebra to the other in the superior i>oition; so that the spinal canal appears at this 

 point to be incomplete. 



In the atlas, the transverse processes arc yet lesa inclined than in ruminants; the 

 vertebral foramen is not constant, and when it exists, opens on one side, under the 



