Tin: BONK 



other domesticated animals, are transformed into real glenoid civiti<O Tie- trim 

 processes ar<- cirri, d dirrctly outwards itnd ii lillli- IMI-IV \\ani ; tin lip which lion I. rs 

 each is .slightly rained ; of tin- two foramina which r. place the anterior notch, one only 

 tii)< I this icnctrateB to the inti-rior of tin- *pinal ranal ; the other i.- merely a .simple 

 notch. 



In the iijrix, the otlontoid process is cylindrical, narrow at it> La-.-, and bent a little 

 upward*; tin- lateral facets of this eminence represent true condyles." 'The spinous 

 process is vciy thin and undivided, and is curved forward aljove the lamina- of the atlas. 

 The anterior notches arc never converted into foramina. 



The third cervical vertebra is the largest; and the .succeeding ones gradually 

 diminish in thickness to the last, contrary to what occurs in the oiler tpecUM. The 

 seventh dors not show the spinous process so developed as in ruminants and pachyderms 

 (tee Fig. 1). 



2. Dormd vertebra;. In the Dog the dorsal vertebrae are formed on the same, model as 

 those of the Horse; but their spinous processes are in general narrower ami thicker. The 

 tenth always has its spinous process vertical, triangular, and tei minuted in a sharp \*>\\\l. 

 The last three have no posterior facets for the articulation of the heads of the rili>. and 

 exhibit, in the conformation of their articular processes, the same disposition as the 

 lumbar vertebrae. In the Cut, the transverse processes of the three last dorsal vei 



are thin, sharp, and turned backwards; they never possess facets for the tuberosity of 

 the ribs. 



3. Lumbar vertebra, In the Dog and Cat, the lumbar vertebra? are remarkable for 

 their strength, due to their length, thickness, and the development of the eminences of 

 iiiseition. The spinous process is low, and becomes acute in the last vertebra. The 

 transverse processes incline very much forward and downward ; they he-ome longer IV. -m 

 the first to the second-last bune; in the latter they become contracted, and in the seventh 

 vertebra they are still more diminifhed, and terminate in an obtuse point. The tuln-rde 

 of the anterior articular process is extremely prominent, and the jxisti rior notches are 

 surmounted by a small, very aeuto prolongation, directed backwards, which becomes 

 more (lev-eloped towards the anterior vertehne. T. is small prolongation exactly 



;its the tiansver-e process of the dorsal vertebra). 



4. Sacrum. The three vertebras which form the sacrum of carnivora are early con- 

 solidated. The super.-acral spine constitutes a thin sharp ridge ; while the lateral 

 surfaces for articulation with the ossa innominata are turned quite outwards and are nearly 

 vertical. 



5. Coccygeal vertebra:, The vertebra) of the coccyx are very strong and tuln'roiis. 

 The first five or six nre as perfect as the true vertebra), and comport themselves in every 

 resect like them. The last are small V-shaped bones, which M. (ioubaux bus described 

 by the name of hypsiloid bo/tea. 



COMPAKISON OF THE VEBTEBRAL COLUMN OF MAN WITH TUAT OF THE DOMESTICATED 



ANIMALS. 



The vertebral column of Man is composed of twenty-nine bones : twenty-four vertebrae, 

 the sacrum, and four pieces constituting the coccyx. The twenty-four vertebra) arc thus 

 distributed : 



Cervical vertebra? 7 



Dorsal 12 



Lumbar .. 5 



In all these vertebra), the bodies are slightly excavated at the two < .\tn miti* .-, while 

 in the domesticated animals, the superior or anterior is convex, and the inferior or jxisterior 

 concave. 



1. Cervical vertelrrw. These are wide and short. The spinous processes nre mode- 

 rately developed and biiid tt their summits; the transverse processes are al.so divided 

 into two branches a posterior and an anterior. 



2. Dorxal vertebra;. In these vertebra), the bodies increase in thickne.-..- from the 

 first to the last. In the first as well as in the last dorsal vertebra;, the t-pinous process is 

 almost immediately directed backwards; in the middle- portion of this region ihe.-e 

 processes are very obliquely directed downwards and backwards. 



1 (A glenoid cavity is a shallow, oval, articu'ar depression.) 



2 (A condyle is a:i articular eminence representing on ovoid segment. Comlyle.s 

 always correspond to the glenoid ca\ities in the articulations.) 



