////: 



fl. I.umli'ir jv/-/'/.r.i . The lumbar vertehni' iir<- tho wtrongfst hones in tho spine, 

 ami their bodies are nearly as thick as those "t tin- lan.'< r d"iu< -.-tic iti d :iniin:tls. This 

 -in H ni . >n* devi lopnicnt of the lumbar vertebra) in Man is related to his position as fi biped. 

 In tin' filth, tho lower t'ai'i- "I the body is cut very nMiijiu-ly backward* ami upwards, ami 

 the t: - arv iii"iv voluminous than those of the other lumbar vertebrae. 



'rum. The .sacrum is formed by the unimi 



of the pieo, -s. It is very concave from above to Pi,,. \& f 



)>flo\v and before to behind. In becoming unite 1 

 to the lumbar region, it forms a salient angle in 

 front, to which has been given the name ( jiromon- 

 /.);// or ></(/ ,->-, i-ti l>nit dinjl''. The sacral spine is 

 continuous m- interrupted, according to the subject; 

 it is alway liili<l intVriorly. 



5. Coccygeal vertebra. These are little bones 

 or Matt- -in d' tubercles, four in number, rarely live. 

 and usually consolidated. The coccyx is conical in 

 shape. Its base shows two processes directed up- 

 wards, which are called the cornua of the coccyx. 

 Its summit is often deviated to tho right or left. 



ARTICLE II. THE HEAD. 



The head is a large bony pyramid, elon- 

 gated from above to below, and quadran- 

 gular, suspended to the anterior extremity 

 of the spine ; it is in a direction varying with 

 the attitudes of the animal, but which we will 

 suppose, for convenience of description, to 

 be nearly vertical. It is formed of a great 

 number of particular bones, which are only 

 distinct from one another in very young 

 animals ; for well before the adult period is 

 reached the majority of the bones are united 

 and cannot be separated. 



The head is divided into two parts : the 



cranium and the face. 







BONES OF THE CRANIUM. 



The cranium, or upper part of the head, 

 is composed of seven flat bones, five of 

 which are single : the occipital, parietal, 

 frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid ; one only, the 

 ti-niji" ral, is double. These bones circum- i 

 scribe a central cavity, the cranial, which 

 rniiimunicates behind with the spinal canal, 

 mid lodges the principal portion of the 

 nervous centres the encephalon. 



1. Occipital Bone. 



The occipital bone occupies the superior 

 extremity of the head, which it supports 

 from tho anterior extremity of tho spine. 

 This bone is very irrogular in its form, and 

 is I. nt at :i right angle in front and behind. 

 It has an external and an internal face, ami 



',:-unt/,i-< n<; uhich brings it into contact 

 with the adjoining cranial bones; tin- latter is 



HORSE'S iir.AD; KROXT VIKW. 

 Occipital protul>or:im-e ; '2, Origin of 

 the mastniil r<--i : S, P.irirtnl bone; 

 4, Sa^itid .suture; .">, Junction of 

 th- parietal anil temporal )om-> ; 

 i, y.yiM'inatic arch; 7, Frontal 

 bone; S. Frontal suture ; '.>, Tem- 

 poral i'i-~a ; 1". Supraorm'tal t'ura- 

 iii'-ii ; 11, !'_', Lichrymal Imui- ; !">. 

 Malar bone; 14, Nasal liorJcr of 

 frontal bone; 15, Nasal bone; !' ; . 

 Suture of nasal bones; 17, Superior 

 maxillary bone; 18, Infraorbitnl 

 foramen; 19, Anterior, or pre- 

 maxillary bom-; 'jo, Foramen in- 

 ci>ivum; Jl, Iiuisor teeth young 

 mouth. 



t d into two an 

 D 



