TIIK ANTERIOIl LIMBS. M 



remarked: outwardly, an excavation for ligamentous insertion ; inwardly, 

 ;i small tubi -rosily intruded lor the same purpose. 1 



Strit<-tiii-i- 'UK! di'i-ilujunent. The humerus, like all the long bones, is 

 only spongy at its extremities. It is developed from six points of ossi- 

 fication ; one of which alone forms the body, one the head and the small 

 trorhanter, another the large trochauter, a fourth the inferior articular 

 surface, a fifth the epicondyle, and the last for the epitrochlea. The hitter is 

 Mines absent. 



FORE-ARM. 



This region has for its base two bones, the radius and cubitus (or //////) 

 united into a single piece at an early period in most of the domesticated 

 animals. 



1. Radius. 



This is a long bone, placed in a vertical direction between the 

 humertis and the first row of carpal bones, and divided into a body and 



tit'!*. 



Body. Slightly arched and depressed from before to behind, the body 

 nts for study two faces and two borders. The anterior face is convex 

 and j>erfectly smooth. The posterior, a little concave from one extremity to 

 the other, offers : 1, Near the external border, a triangular surface, covered 

 with asperities, elongated vertically, very narrow, commencing near the 

 upper fourth of the bone and terminating in a fine point towards the lower 

 fourth : this surface is brought into contact with the anterior face of the 

 ulna by an interosseous ligament,, which is completely ossified before the 

 animal reaches adult age; 2, Above, there is a wide, transverse, but shallow 

 groove, which aids in forming the radio-ulnar arch and shows, near the point 

 where it touches the preceding surface, the nutrient foramen of the bone ; 

 3, Near the internal border, and towards the inferior third, there is a ver- 

 tically elongated and slightly salient eminence of insertion. The tir<> 

 //-./. /-s. >.rf, riinJ and internal, are thick and rounded; they establish an 

 insensible transition between the faces. 



-The superior is larger than the inferior. It has : 1, An 



articular surface elongated from one side to the other, concave from before 



iiind, wider within than without, and moulded to the articular surface 



of the inferior extremity of the humerus ; there is also seen, outwardly, a 



double gorge which receives the two lips of the external trochlea; in the 



middle, an an toro- posterior ridge which is received into the internal trochlea ; 



within, an oval cavity corresponding to the internal border of the former; 



2, The external tnberosity, placed at the extremity of the great diameter of 



tin articular surface; it is prominent and well detached ; 3, The internal or 



// inl-roxity, a large, very rugged, and depressed process, situated 



within and in front of the glenoid cavity ; 4, A little lower, and on the same 



side, there is a strong muscular and ligamentous imprint, separated from the 



lin^ tuberosity by a transverse groove intended for the passage of a 



tendinous branch ; 5, The coronoid profits,* a small conical eminence, at the 



summit of which terminates, anteriorly, the median ridge of the articular 



' The articular surfaces which, in veterinary anatomy, have received tin- names of 

 ',/<, nut lii-ing the same as in human anatomy, tin re result* an aiumy in-^ 

 ;>!! of tin- .-ituution of the epitrochlean and euicoinlytiil .minemvn, *> nam<-.|. li 

 l>as tlnretoiv been mir i-iulnivoiir to n-nu-ily the iia|irojHT employment of theau 

 denomiii.iti"M>. \\lii.-h has been a cause of error in comparative anatomy. 

 ' In Man thid belongs to tho ulna. 



