Till. P08TESIOB UMIts. 107 



tilmla i- ;il- - tin 1 tibia, and is united to that bone nt tlircc points: at the two 



iiirs h\ articular .-in l':i". -, ill the inferior third un<l middle by an inter 

 nt. 



/'. L'OSTKRIOU FOOT. 1. Bonn of the tarsus. The number of tarsal bones varies a 

 little in tlu- domesticated animals, as the following list will show : 



( 'amivora and Pig 7 



Ox, Sheep, and Goat 5 



In the Dog, Cat, and Pig. there are three cuneiform bones, find in the Or and .">/! /-. 

 in addition to there being only two cuneiforms, the scaphoid and cuboid bones are con- 

 solidated into ulle piece'. 



The astragalus of the carnitora articulates with the scaphoid by means of a veritable 

 .ted iVuiii tin rest of the bone by a constriction termed the m ck of the astra- 

 The culxiid and the cuneiform bones respond to all the metatarsals. 

 In the /'/</, the astiairalus and calcaneus are very long. The cuneiforms and cuboid 



respond to the tour JxTt'eet dii:its. 



The tarsus of tlied' 11 a. .-tieated I{uiniiuint* is slender alx>ve. The astragalus is elongated 

 from above to below, and is nniied to the .-> aplioid by an antero-posterior groove, and to 

 the calcancus by a more su]H-rlicial vertical groove. The calcaneus is long and tliin; 

 the posterior gliding surface on the summit is excavated into a channel; the small 

 cuneiform is pisiform and hut slightly developed. 



_'. Jionen of Of . The metatarsus is also a region in which the number of 



\aries in the doim .-ticati d animals. Thus in the Carnivora and Pig them arc 

 ,d only two in l!i MINA 



The metatarsals of the ('nniironi and Pig are exactly like the same bones in the 

 anterior limb. Those of Ituminnnts are slightly different. 



In the Dog and Cat are one rudimentary and four perfect metatarsals. The former 

 is articulated with the internal cuneiform, and represents tlie vestige of the thumb. 



The /'/;/ has four perfect metatarsals, and an internal rudimentary one. The latter 

 is a small bone flattened on both sides, articulating by means of a diarthrodial facet, and 



in. s oon -<il (dated behind the upper end of the fourth metatarsal. 

 In the *>s. Slirep, and Goat, is found a principal and a rudimentary metatarsal bone. 

 Tli-- latter is like the rudimentary metacarpal bone; but the former differs from the 

 principal metacarpal bone in being longer, quadrilateral in form, and having a vascular 

 d traversing the po&terior face of its upper extremity. 



Hones of the digital region. In all the domesticated animals, the posterior digits 



comport themselves exactly like the anterior. The Carnivora alone offer a notable difl'er- 



in tin in. in reality, the thumb does not exist; or rather, it is only represented by 



the rudimentary metatarsal bone alluded to above. Nevertheless, it frequently occurs 



that a completely di -velo; ed thumb is found in this animal; and in this case the rudi- 



ry m> t, tarsal is ordinarily followed bya ligainentous cord, to which is suspended a 



IN.HV stylet that represents either the inferior extremity of the metatarsal. or the tii>t 



phalanx ; it is to this .-tyh t that arc found articulated in succession the second and third 



phalanges. 



fessor Fui-hs. of Carl.-ruho, found, in a Newfoundland dog, four true claws and 

 two false : the internal of the latter corresponded to a weU-devwned, small metalarsal 

 I...IM-. while the external was only rudimentary, terminating in a point, and bound to the 

 tarsus by a simple ligament.) 



COMPARISON OP THE ABDOMINAL LIMB OF MAN WITH THAT OF ANIMALS. 



A. PELVIS. The longitudinal axis of the pelvis of Man forms, with the horizon, an 

 angle of about \(f. 



The l-.nes which compose it are proportionately larger and stronger than in all the 



I animals. 



Tin- two faces- t the ilium, and esjic-cially the inner face, are much hollowed; the 

 ilisic crest has the form of an italic S. 



Tin ]niuis alone participates in the formation of the jx hie s\ inphysis, and the eon- 

 winch, in the domesticated animal.-, i* called the isrhial arch, is designate. 1 in Man 

 tin- pubic arch. 



In ei'ii* (jin-noe of the excavation on the inner face of the ilium, the jxlvic cavity 

 may I ,uto the gnat and le.-ser pelvis. In the latter are lodged the genital 



ami urinary organs, as well a.s th" extremity < !' the d::: -ti\e tul>e. 



/; Tiiuiii The femur of Man is nearly vertical, and situated in a direction slightly 



