y///: LI MIIS i\ <,i:\i:i; i /. in 



meditation-. In such A matter, it must not bo forgotten that the limbs arc 

 constructed with a view to their physiological functions, and that the 

 diileiviir; s remarked in examining them in several species are dictated by 

 the kind of life the animals are intended to Ic.id. 



\ ioj-d'Azyr and Cuvier recommend that the anterior and posterior limbs 

 of opposite sides should be compared. Martins and Gegcnbanr, allowing a 

 n of the humeruB of 180, advise that the two members of the same 

 side should be collated, care being taken to make allowance for the 

 untwisting of the 180 contortion at the lower end of the humerus. 

 Lastly, Floiirens and Lavocat contrast the two members of the same pair 

 with each other, after placing the hand in a position of natural pronation by 

 rotation of the radius on the ulna, and without turning either limb or ray, or 

 even a portion of a ray, no matter what kind of animal may be under 

 examination. Wo will adopt the latter proceeding, as it is the simplest and 

 most natural. 



Parallel between the coxa and scapula. The analogies existing between 

 two bones are but little striking at first sight ; nevertheless, with atten- 

 tion there is no difficulty in finding in the coxa the three pieces that enter 

 into the composition of the shoulder. 



The ilium represents the scapula. The external iliac fossa reminds one 



of tho supra- and snhspinous fossae. Occasionally, there is met with in the 



Hoi.se a rudiment of the crest dividing the iliac fossa into t\vo parts, and, in 



animals the Pig, Sheep, and Goat this crest, which is the trace 



of the scapular spine, becomes constant and very evident. 



With regard to the cotyloid cavity, it repeats in the posterior limb the 



ill cavity of the scapula. There remains to determine in the latter 



the portions analogous to the ischium and pubis. If we rely upon the 



nee afforded by the muscular insertions, we come to the conclusion that 



the ischium corresponds to the coracoid process, and the pubis to the clavicle 



of animals which are provided with one. It will also be remarked that the 



coxa is directed backwards, while the scapula inclines obliquely forwards ; 



this opposition in the direction of the bones in no way alters their analogies ; 



the functions of the members to which they correspond require this inverse 



position. 



Parallel beticeen the femur and humerus. The resemblance between 

 bines is remarkable. Tli*s there is found in tho first : 1, An 

 articular head, better detached than that of the hmnerus, but shaped in the 

 same manner ; 2, A trochanter analogous to the great tuberosity, and also 

 like it decomposable into three distinct parts summit, crest, and convexity; 

 8, A lesser trochanter, representing the smaller tuberosity ; 4, An eminence 

 for tin insertion of the superficial glutens muscle, which takes the place of 

 the di It >id imprint; 5, An inferior articular pulley continued between the 

 two condyles by a non-articular groove ; this trochlea certainly corresponds 

 to the median groove of the inferior humeral face. 



'I'll' re are, no doubt, differences between tho two bones, but they have 



no bearing upon the result just indicate 1. Thus tho linea aspera of the 



femur is situated behind : that of the humerus in front. In tho femur tho 



two condylos of the inferior extremity are placed behind the troehlea ; the 



ary holds in the humerus. These modifications are necessary in order 



to give the n:<>v> nients of the limbs a convenient direction. Tho leg is 



1 Kackwaid on the thigh, while the fore-arm is flexed in front on the 



humeras. 



Parallel lelaeen // bones of the ley and those of the fre-arm. It is 



