130 TIIK ARTICULATIONS. 



arc surrounded cither by boiling, maceration, or scraping. But \\h n we 

 come to examine the soft textures, in order to do so profitably it in necessary 

 to learn beforehand the rules which should ! followed in their preparation. 

 The following arc laid down with regard to the study of the articulations : 



1. To prepare the articulations, young subjects are chosen in preference to thos- ad- 

 vanced in years, I>ccau80 the density of tin- cellular tissue in them i* m.t. - > im-at, and thin 

 tissue is easily removed from around the ligaments. .\s tln-.-i- an- prepared \\ itli difficulty 

 \\lien the external surface is in a dry state, care .-honld ! taken 1 Ton- di>--tiii^ th'-m 

 t have them excluded from the air by covering them with damp eluths, nr with tin- 

 skin of the animal. 



2. It is convenient to separate the articulation we wish to dissect by sawing through 

 the bones at a certain distance from the articular surfaces. The manipulation of the 

 part is then rendered easier, and its dissection can be made under the moat favourable 

 conditions. 



3. It is necessary to preserve as carefully as possible the muscles surrounding the 

 articulations, in order to be able to study their relations with the ligaments which hind 

 these. If it be absolutely necessary to remove them, their insertions corresponding to 

 the articulation should always be retained. 



4. The cnpsular ligaments should be the first studied, as these have soon to bo 

 removed the better to show the funicular ligaments. These, in their turn, must bo 

 Kierificed in order to display, by different sections, the interosseous cords, when tin-.- 

 Lastly, the two articular surfaces should be completely separated, so as to examine 

 their conformation. 



f>. The synovial membranes, with their* different culs-de-sac, being a very imjirtant 

 .--tiidy, with reference to the diagnosis and treatment of articular tumours, it is convenient 

 to devote a special piece to the examination of these serous membranes. It is MTV 

 useful to inject their interior with plaster or tallow coloured black, in order to distend 

 their cavities, and thus aid the study of their relations with ligaments, tendons, or 

 muscles. 



For the preparation of each articulation it is not necessary to give any directions ; 

 a glance at the figures accompanying the description will suffice to dispel any embarass- 

 mi nt the student may experience, while he always requires particular indications. 



'Notwithstanding the above remarks with regard to the preparation of the ligaments, 

 I have thought it advisable to follow the example given in the last edition of ' Leyh's 

 Anatomy' by Zundel, and briefly indicate the readiest method of demonstrating these 

 organs, for the special benefit of the student.) 



ARTICLE I. ARTICULATIONS OF THE SPINE. 



{Preparation. Remove all the soft parts surrounding the vertebral column, taking 

 care not to injure the inferior longitudinal ligament in cutting away the pillars of the 

 diaphragm and the psoas muscles ; nor the ligaments uniting the articular processes to ea--h 

 other and the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebra) to the ribs, in removing the 

 Bupercostal and transverse spinal muscles. To expose the common superior longitudinal 

 ligament, separate the bodies of the vertebrae from their annular portions by the saw or 

 chisel, and remove the spinal cord and dura mater; in doing this the inferior face of the 

 intcrannular ligaments will be also removed. Examine an intervcrtehral Abro-oartilage 

 by two sections a transverse at an equal distance from the two vertebra), and a longi- 

 tudinal througli the middle line of the bodies.) 



These articulations are intrinsic and extrinsic. The first comprises all 

 the articulations of the vertebra) with each other ; the second those of the 

 spine with the head, the ribs, and the coxse. 



Inlerverlebral Articulations. 



The vertebra) corn spond : 1, By their bodies; 2, I'.y Ili<-ir spinal or 

 annular portion. There results fn.ni this union two kinds of articulation, 

 which must be studied separately, as they do not belong to the same 

 class. It is well to mention, however, that the general details into \vhirh 

 this study leads us apply only to the articulations uniting the last six 



