166 / // / A HTICULA TION8. 



iutomal synovial membrane. It is fixed by its inferior extremity to the 

 imprints which cover the internal tibial tuberosity. 



Its fibres are disposed in two layers, which slightly intercross in X fashion ; 

 those passing downwards and forwards adhere to the border of the intrrn:il 

 meniscus. Covered by the aponeurosis of the adductor muscles of the log, 

 this ligament adheres by its deep face to the internal meniscus. 



c. The posterior ligament belongs to the class of membranous or capsular 

 ligaments. It is formed of two aponeurotic lamiiuo separated superiorly, 

 but confounded inferiorly. The superficial lamina is composed of strong. 

 fibrous, intercrossed fasciculi, perforated with vascular openings. It is fixed, 

 above, to the posterior face of the femur, below the external gastrocnemius 

 muscle. The deep lamina envelopes, like a cap, the femoral condyles. 

 After becoming united, these two laminae are attached to the posterior face 

 of the tibia, close to the superior articular face of that bone. Its external 

 face is in contact with the popliteal vessels, and the external gastrocnemius 

 muscle. Its internal face is covered throughout nearly the whole of its extent 

 by the lateral synovial membranes, embraces the condyles of the femur, and 

 adheres to the posterior crucial ligament, as well as to the interarticular 

 mcniscii. 



d. The iitterosseous ligaments are two funicular bands lodged in the inter- 

 condyloid notch. They are more commonly designated crucial lii/unn'iilx, 

 because they cross each other at their middle part, like the letter X. 

 (Fig. 91.) 



The anterior, oblique down wards and forwards, is attached by its superior 

 extremity to the bottom of the intercondyloid notch, and inwardly to the 

 external condyle. Its inferior extremity is fixed in the groove on the summit 

 of the tibial spine. The fibres entering into its formation are not parallel, 

 but slightly twisted in a spiral manner. 



The posterior, longer than the preceding, and oblique in the opposite 

 direction, is inserted, inferiorly, into the little eminence behind the internal 

 tibial facet ; whence it goes to the bottom of the intercondyloid notch, to be 

 attached by its superior extremity within the internal condyle. 



Synovial membranes. For this articulation there are three synovial 

 membranes : a superior and two lateral. The first, very large and sustained 

 by the femoro-patellar capsule, facilitates the gliding of the patella on the 

 femoral pulley; it is prolonged in a cul-de-sac below the insertion of the 

 crural triceps. The other two, which lubricate the articular surfaces of the 

 proper femoro-tibial joint, include the crucial ligaments between them, and 

 cover the posterior ligament, the lateral ligaments, and the fibrous fasciculi 

 for the attachment of the meniscii. The external covers, in addition, the 

 tendon of the popliteus muscle, and furnishes a vast cul-de-sac which descends 

 in the anterior groove of the tibia to envelop the tendon common to the 

 anterior extensor of the phalanges and the flexor of the metatarsus. Tin-so 

 two femoro-tibial synovial membranes lie against that of the femoro-patollar 

 articulation, in front of the condyles and the notch which separates them, 

 and if not always, at least not unfrequently, they communicate with it. The 

 three are separated from the ligaments of the patella by a considerable mass 

 of adipose tissue which is prolonged into the intercondyloid notch, at the 

 bottom of which it appears to be fixed. 



Movements. This imperfect hinge joint can execute the two principal and 

 opposite movements of flexion and extension, and a somewhat limited acces- 

 sory movement of rotation. The mechanism of these movements being 

 simple enough to be readily understood without any preliminary explanation, 



