Ifl y///: MVBOLBB 



wo may detonuino their extent and iliroction, and oven their relations and 



US! S. 



By the term attachment, fixed insertion, or origin, i meant tin- point of 

 tho muscle which most usually remains fixed while that organ ci-ntnu-N : 

 the attachment, movable insertion, or termination is tho name given to that 

 jM>rtion which corresponds to the lever displaced hy tho muscular contraction. 

 Muscles are frequently met witli whoso two insertions are alternately fixed 

 or movable ; and in such cases care is taken not to give these insertions one 

 or other of the designations. 



Tho fixed insertion is often confounded with that of other muscles ; the 

 movable insertion is generally free and independent. 



The muscles are sometimes directly attached to the bones by tho ex- 

 tremities of their fleshy fibres ; but most frequently they are fixed to these 

 inert levers through the medium of a tendon or an aponeurosis, wh->r 

 volume is less considerable than that of the fibres. Without this Litter 

 disposition, the surface of tho skeleton would not have been sufficiently 

 extensive to give insertion to all the external muscles. 



The attachment of the muscles to the bony levers is effected by a 

 kind of fusion between the fleshy or tendinous fibres, and the periosteum. 



F. RELATIONS. The indication of the relations of the muscles completes 

 the idea of their situation, and is of great importance in a surgical point 

 of view. They should, therefore, be studied with all the precision 

 possible. 



The muscles entertain relations either with the skin, tho bones, other 

 muscles, or with vessels and nerves. 



a. It is only, properly speaking, the subcutaneous muscles, such as tho 

 panniculus carnosus and the muscles of tho face, which are really in im- 

 mediate contact with the skin. The others are separated from it by the 

 aponeurotic fascia which will be described as the appendices of the muscular 

 system. 



b. The superficial muscles are only related to the bones by their ex- 

 tremities. Those which are deeply situated are immediately applied by 

 their bodies against the bones of the skeleton. 



c. The muscles are related to each other in a more or less intimate 

 manner. Sometimes they adhere closely to one another ; and at other times 

 they are separated by interstices filled with fat or cellular tissue, and 

 generally traversed by vessels and nerves. 



d. The connections of the muscles with the latter organs sometimes 

 assume a remarkable character ; this is when one of them accompanies, 

 like a satellite, the vascular and nervous trunks concealed beneath its deep 

 face. There is in this circumstance an important fact with regard to 

 surgical anatomy. 



G. NOMENCLATUBE. Before tho time of Sylvius, the muscles had not 

 received particular names. Since the days of Galen they had been dis- 

 tinguished by the numerical epithets of fret, second, third, etc., to indicate 

 their place and their order of superposition in tho regions to which they 

 belonged. It is in this fashion that they are designated iti the Italian u ork 

 on the Anatomy of the Horso by Ruini. 



Sylvius was the first to give tho muscles real names ; and his example 

 being followed by succeeding anthropotomists, tho nomenclature of these 

 organs was soon completed. But no general view, no methodic spirit guided 

 Sylvius and his successors ; it was sometimes their form, and sometimes their 

 direction, position, uses, etc., to which the muscles owed their names. 



