Tin: MOUTH : j ,:o 



depressed from side to side, fixed to the os hyoides and the inferior maxilla 

 l>y tlio muscles which form the basis of its structure, or by the tegumentary 

 membrane which covers the organ. 



Its form permits it to be divided, for the study of its external disposition, 

 into thri'i' ftn-i-a. //n>r borders, and ///" < .< 7/-. //(/'//-.<. 



The mil" i-i'ai- /<!<' or iloi-xiint of the tongue, narrower in front than behind, 



ighened by numerous papillae which give it a downy aspect. Two of 



papillae are remarkable for their enormous volume, their tabulated 



appearance, and the situation they occupy at the bottom of two excavations 



1 side by side, near the base of the organ ; they are named the ling mil 



lacuna, or foramen csecum of Morgagni. This face responds to the palatine 



arch or roof, when the jaws are together. The lateral faces, wider in the 



middle of the tongue than at its extremities, are limited by the internal 



surfaces of the maxillary branches. Onthem are seen several large papillae, 



and the orifices of some lingual glandulse. 



These t\vo faces are separated from the former by two lateral b<>r<l- ,-*. 



which correspond to the superior alveolar arches when the mouth is exactly 



I. With regard to the third or inferior border, its existence may be 



to be fictitious; by it enter the muscles which constitute the substance 



of the tongue, and it is by it, also, that the organ is fixed at the bottom of the 



intermaxillary space. 



The posterior extremity, or base of the tongue, is limited, in the interior of 



the moutli, by a furrow which borders the base of the epiglottis. It presents 



a thick, median, mucous fold, plaited in different ways, and carried over the 



anterior aspect of the epiglottic cartilage. Two other folds, more anterior, 



also formed by the buccal membrane, unite with the soft palate on each 



the base of the tongue; these are the posterior pillars of the organ 



(or the gkmo-qpiglottic ligaments of Man), and comprise in their thick- 



a voluminous collection of glands. Behind these pillars are two 



triangular spaces, included between the velum pendulum palati and the 



base of the tongue, each of which has an excavation perforated with open- 



,1'jilnlniil i-nrity, which represents the nmyndulir ( /<.;(.-//> > 



of Man and the Carnivora ; it is a kind of common confluent for tho 



numerous glandular accumulated outside the mucous membrane which lines 



\cavation. 



The i.iity of tho tongue is quite independent from tho 



middle of the int. mental space, and moves freely in the interior of the buccal 



ibjo termed the/ree portion of the tongue, in opposition to the 



he organ, which is named the fixed portion. This free portion 



is Halt* ii.-d above and below, and slightly widened or spatulated. Its 



is plane, or nearly so, and prolongs that of tho fixed portion. 



inferior, slightly convex, and perfectly smooth, is continuous \\ith the 



d faces of the organ, and rests on the body of tho maxillary bone ; it is 



; to that bone by a median fold of mucous membrane, the niit<ri<>r fiillar, 



" liii'jn-i. The borders, in joining each other in front, describe a 



l.olie curve which is in contact with tho incisive arches. 



STBUCTUIIE. The tongue offers for study, in regard to its structure : 



1, The mucous menil>i-'iiii- enveloping tho organ; 2, The muscular tissue which, 



in r us its mass ; 3, Tho vessels and nerves distributed to it 



1. M": '.- aft, tin -'iin: This membrane, a continuation of that lining tho 

 mouth, is folded at tin- l>ttoin of the canal on the sides of tho tongue. > 

 the upper surface of the organ, and envelops the whole of its free portion. 

 . -mi or coriuni has n-.t the same thickness throughout, but is iiu i- 



