TIII: inn MI vi-: .irr.\i:.m - i\ MAMMALIA. 



OP TIIK SALIVARY GLANDS OF MAN WITH THOSE OF ANIMALS. 



As in animals, the imrotiil is the most voluminous of the Milivary ghu.ds. It.- i. 

 i.- rt ddish-gn-y and tubulated, the lobules adhering cln.-ii ly tu e.ich illn-r. I 

 irregular, and it is moulded to the excavation l>ehind tin- un^li- of tlir ju\s. St< imn's 

 duct pnsses across the massetor, and shows on its course MMIIO salivary lobule-, r.nmiug 

 what is named the accessory jmrotid (or soi-ii t y/<i<W/r//i) ; it opens opposite tin- third 

 upper molar. 



The fubmuxiJlary gland weighs about half-an-ouuce. It is partly situat. 

 the deep cervical fat>cia, and partly within the body of the lower j:i\v, I (t\vc<n tin- mylo- 

 hyoideus and hyo-glossus muscles. Its lobules are more loosely united than tli".-. <>t the 

 parotid. Wharton'n duct opens on the sides of the frajnum linguae by a small owning nt 

 the apex of a round papilla (<-<trn>ictt1<t mililiiiiiititlits). 



The sullingudl gland is analogous to that of the Ox and Pig. There are, in fact, two 

 sublinguals ; an anterior about the size of an almond, and furni.-hed with :i single 

 excretory canal the ductus Sartholini, that terminates near Wharton's duct; the other, 

 posterior, formed by several isolated lobules with multiple excretory ducts, the - 

 Jtiviniani. 



There are also labial, palatine, and lingual glands; with, besides, near the fromum, 

 a small conglomerate gland, the ijlund of Nuhn, which has a special duct. 



Fig. 174. 



PIIARYNGF.AL AND LARYXOKAL RK- 

 i.mx; TIIK I'OSTKKIOR PART OF 

 TIIK HKAD INCISKD AND THROWN 

 FORWARD. 



1, Base of the cranium ; 2, Roof of 

 the pharynx ; 3, Muscles of the 

 cheek ; 4, 4, Walls of the pharynx ; 

 6, Septum nasi ; 7, Posterior 

 openings of nostrils ; 8, Entrance 

 to the mouth ; 9, Epiglottis ; 10, 

 Posterior pillars of soft palate; 11, 

 Arytenoid cartilages; 12, Opening 

 of the cesophagus j 13, (Ksophagus ; 

 14. Trachea. 



THE PHARYNX. (FigS. 174, 175.) 



Preparation. 1. Study the general disposition 

 nnd situation of this vestibule in the anti -in- 

 posterior vertical section of the head (fig. 17.~>). 

 2. In order to examine tin* interior conveniently, 

 the head should be separated from the neck, 

 having attached to it a certain portion of the 

 trachea and oesophagus ; then by siwiug across, 

 either through or behind the lemporo-maxillary 

 articulations, all that portion of the cranium is re- 

 moved, and the posterior parietes of the phurynx is 

 exposed, and may be dissected to study the mu.-cles 

 (Fig. 178), or opened in the middle line to na<-!i 

 the interior of the cavity (Fig. 174). 3. The muscles 

 should be dissected with those of the tongue, and 

 in the same manner. 



The pharynx is a membranous vestibule 

 common to the digestive and air pas- 

 and situated behind the soft palate, which 

 separates it from the mouth ; above, it is at- 

 tached to the base of the cranium, and, below, 

 to tlio laryngeal apparatus. 



Form and internal disposition. In con- 

 sequence of the conformation of the soft 

 palate, which, in the domesticated animals, 

 and particularly in Solipeds, is prolonged to 

 the base of the epiglottis, the pharynx forms 

 a cylindrical cavity elongated from before to 

 behind, enclosed laterally and posteriorly 

 by wide thin muscles, and with the soft 

 palate for an anterior wall. At the two 

 extremities of this cavity are openings which 

 allow the pharynx to communicate with the 

 other passages or cavities, and whoso dis- 

 position \vc will at once begin to study. 



At the upper extremity of the large 

 axis of the pharyngcal cavity is to bo re- 

 marked : 1, In front, the two posterior 



