y///: (ESOPHAGI'S. 



377 



OOM "Mi: PHARYNX OK MAN WITH THAT OK AXIMM-. 



Iii fonseijuenee ct' tin 1 Mimlltii'.-s of tin- s i ft palate, tin- pharynx of M"n is nnly a 

 Kind of chituiifl li.'t.veen the mouth mid the larynx aiul OMiphagOfl. It is iiMially 

 divided i'lto three |K>itioii> : a superior, tin- i<-t< //;- nun f, covered l>y ciliated epithelium ; 

 a middle, <>r ijHltitrul, un<l an inferior, or <i - / ltny< ul ; the two In tier are covered with 



.' 'I i pithelinm. 



The luiiM ! .- aiv almost the same as in the Dog, being ft portion of the pulato-pharyn- 

 Lbe superi'T. middle, and inferior c..nstrirtor.s. and a stylo-pharynx al inn.-ej. . 



<\\ the sides cf the pharynx, and between the pillars of the, soft palate, are the 

 ill-' : almond-shaped organs, whose surface sl.ows the opening of the follicles that, 

 with the vessels and a little connective tissue, compose their substance. 



THE (ESOPHAGUS. (FigS. 178, 179.) 



Preparation. Place the subject in the first or second position 

 tiineoiis cervical musolc from the left side; take away 

 the onrres|M>ndii>g anterior limb, and proceed to tl e 

 excision of the ribs of this side, with the exception of tin; 

 first. Afterward.-- di.-st-et the vessels and nerves in the 

 neighbourhood of th- u-goplmgeal canal, taking care to 

 preserve their relations to each other. 



Farm. The oesophagus is a long, cylindrical, 

 narrow, membranous canal, easily dilated for the 

 greater part of its extent, and destined to convey 

 tlic food from the pharynx to the stomach, and to 

 complete the act of deglutition. 



'rse. This canal begins at the pharynx, 

 and communicates with it by means of the pos- 

 t'-rii'r opening situated above the glottis. It 

 afterwards descends behind the trachea to the 

 middle of the neck, where it commences to 

 deviate towards the left sido of that tube, and 

 enters the thoracic cavity by inclining towards 

 the inner aspect of the first left rib. It soon 

 after regains its situation above the trachea, passes 

 over the base of the heart, and reaches the open- 

 ing of the right pillar of the diaphragm, in 

 passing between the two layers of the posterior 

 mediastinum. Traversing this opening, it pene- 

 trates the abdominal cavity, and immediately 

 after wards is inserted into the smaller curvature 

 of the stomach by an orifice designated the <-<i>-<li<i<\ 

 wliieh will bo studied at the same time as that 



us. 



/,'< l'iti"iis. The oesophagus in its course has 

 the following numerous relations: 



At its origin, it is comprised between the 

 guttural pouch and the posterior crico-aryteuoid 



remove the subcu- 

 Fig. 177. 



HI MAN I'HAKVNX LAID OPEN 



i 1:1 IM iu:niM>. 



1, Section through ta.se of 

 skull; -', _'. W.ilU <,f pha- 

 rynx drawn aside; 

 1'ostcriur nares, separated 

 by the vomer ; 4, Extremity 

 of one Kustai-liiaii tube; 5, 

 S't't ].;il:itc; ;, Posterior 

 pillar of soft palate ; 7, An- 

 terior pillar; 8, Root of the 

 tongue, partly concealed by 

 the HVII! l.-tti's 



overhanging (10) the conli- 

 foi-in "i .fiiiir,' !' the larynx ; 

 11,1 t of larynx ; 



:' 'esophagus, 



1 ' ; H 



In the cervical region, it is enveloped in a 



thick layer of cellular tissue, which unites it in a loose manner to the 



mounding organs, its relations with these varying as wo consider them 



riorly or int'cri..rly. ,S'///--r/. ////, and in the inidian plane, it occupies 



inclmleil l.t U ( en the tracliea and the lofigDft-Oolli, K-ing Wd. n .1 



on eaeli sid liy the 1 1 .111!;,! .n carntid artery, \\itli its satellite nerves tho 



