TIII-: im. i-:*i n i: IPPAJIATVB i\ M i.u.w.i/./.i. 



(Hi tin- other hand. h;is demonstrated that then- is :il\\ a\ s all aiiginentat i.-i 

 in tin s| liinic \\hcii mi uniinal has invested large <[iiantiti< 



water, the consecutive absorption of \vliicli determines a certain tension in 

 the portal venous system. 



The second opinion, emitted by Kolliker, is founded on tin existence 

 in the splenic pulp of blood-globules in u state of decomposition, and 

 in the, analyses made by J. Beclard of the blood iu the splenic vein, 

 which have proved that there is a notable diminution in the proportion of 

 globules. 



It is to be remarked that, in the n-x arches undertaken to discover 

 the functions of the spleen, account has not been taken of the connections 

 existing between this organ and the great omcutum in the majority of 

 mammals, and which testify that the spleen is only, properly speaking, 

 a vascular appendage placed on the track of this omentum. But the uses 

 of this vast peritoneal fold are themselves little understood. Might they 

 not be included with those which are presumed to belong to its appended 

 organ ? 



IMKKtKENTIAL CHARACTERS IN THE ANNEXKI) ORGANS IN THE AHDOMINAL POHTION OK 

 THE DIGESTIVE CANAL IN OTIIEK THAN 8 >UI'i;i> ANIMALS. 



The inijKirtant differences these organs offer in the domesticated mammals 

 more particularly to the liver. 



1. J/icer. In the domesticated mammals other than Solipe 1.-. (lie liver exhibits vari- 

 ations in f"im. volume, and p >.sition, which h-ive no intliiencc o.i its organisation : so that 

 the study of these po->,-es 1m! a mediocre attraction. This is not so. however, with re- 

 gard to the excretory apparatus, the arrangement of which is i-oni|>licatei], and becomes 

 very interesting. The biliary duct, in fact, on 1 aving the fissure of the portal vein, and 

 before rea'-hing the intestine, gives rise to a particular conduit which is detached at an 

 acute angle, and which, after a course of variable length, according t > the size of the 

 animal, Iwcoines dilated into a vast sac, the so-called </,!//-///,/./, r. 



In all treatises on anatomy, the special conduit is designated the cy*tir <ln,-t. that 

 p irtion which precedes its origin being named the Ir jmtt'c ihn-t ; while the appellation of 

 ,tiirfn* rnniinunig choledftchm is reserved for the section which goes to the intestine. Jlut 

 these distinctions are vicious, nnd we limit ourselves to the recognition of: (a) A ductus 

 eholedochu.s exactly like that of ^olipeds, and like it extending from the po. tenor 

 fissure, where it originates by the union of several branches, to the duodenum ; and //) a 

 cyatic duct, which branches suddenly into the choledic duct, and terminates in the <j<ill- 

 liladder. 



a. The gall-bladder is a reservoir with membranous walls, in which the bile accumu- 

 lates during the intervals of digestion. This sac, lodged wholly, or in part, in a fos^i <>n 

 the jHisterior face of the liver, is oval or pyriform, and presents a fimihi* and ///.. It, 

 parietes comprise three tunics : an external, of peritoneum: a mi<l<lli-, formed ofilartoid 

 tissue; and an internal or mucous, continuous with that of the various biliary dir 



6. The cystic duct extends in a straight line from the neck of the gall-bladder to the 

 choledic duct. It adheres intimately to the tissue of the liver, and does not exhibit, in- 

 ternally, the spiral valves which have been described in Man. In opening it longitudi- 

 nally, there are discovered, at least in Ruminants and the Carnivora, very small oriliers 

 which pierce the wall adherent to the tissue of the liver: these are the openings of 

 several minute but particular biliary canals, named the Intuit ;,<, -,-y f l!<- </;///. 



c. The ductus communis choledochuf comports itself exactly as in Solipeds. It is 

 much wider than the cystic duet, and op. us sometimes alone, sometimes with the pan- 

 creatic canal, into the duodenum in a manner which, up to a certain point, reminds one 

 of the mode of termination of the ureters. Instead of passing perpendicularly across the 

 intestinal parietes, it first pierces the muscular layer, follows for a short distance between 

 it and tho mucous membrane, and then opens on the internal face of the latter by an 

 orifice which is encircled by a vaUular fold, as in the Horse. 



Sii'-h is the excretory apparatus le!onging to the liver in animals provided with 

 a gall-bladder. In these animals the biliary sieretinn is certainly cuiitiinion 

 in the Horse; but in the intervals of digestion the bile, instead of (lowing directly i>n 

 to the intestinal surface, passes into the gall-bladder by the cystic duct, and there 



