7H Till-: M'i. 



On the left side the same arrangement is found ; tin- aiustomoses nrc larger and more 

 niiiii' run* limn mi tluj right side; the braiieli follows, in an ins. r>r diiv.-tioM, (In- course 

 pur-in d I >y tin- recurrent nerve, to join the pm iinmpi-ti -ie at tin- part where tin ivmnvnt 

 orL'inatos from the latter. 



In this course, the branch gives large minuscules to tlm tcsopha^n.s ami trnolna; 

 tliuM- diftributcd t<i tin 1 former citln-r ].as- alon;,' tin- mn.-ciilar tunic ami n-turn a 

 the nerve, or continue along the surface of that tube. In all <-aes, there is found <m the 

 sides of the oesophagus a rich plexus formed by these filaments, as well as by those 

 coming from the pharyngeal nerve. 



This branch also oners other peculiarities. Thus, it is very often found alongside the 

 laryngeal nerve for some distance, and .-oiiictinu-s at several points. When this happens 

 in the upper part, at the larynx, as occurs in many cnses, it appears to have un anasto- 

 mosis as in the Ox; but it is always easy to separate the two nerves, even in ln-.-li 

 specimens, and this separation is greatly facilitated if the piece has been steeped in 

 water acidulated by nitric aeid. 



In the cervical portion, the pneumogastric nerve is closely united to the sympathetic, 

 the separation of the nerves being no longer possible as in the Horse and Ox. 



We have already described a portion of the inferior laryngeal nerve, in speaking of 

 the tracheo-cesophageal branch of the superior laryngeal. Comparison with other 

 animals requires that we should transfer the latter to the recurrent. In the Dog, the 

 inferior laryngeal rises by two distinct branches, a short distance from each other, on the 

 right and left sides ; these may, or may not, lie together for some distance, but they never 

 become fused. The external part of the nerve receives at intervals filaments pro<-< 

 from the superior laryngeal branch, and it rarely gives very line twigs to the trachea 

 and oesophagus. The communications with the cardiac and trochcal nerves are also 

 chiefly made by the tracheo-cesophageal brunch. 



The bronchial nerves are large and numerous. 



The uviophageal plexus, which is furnished by the nerves of the same name, is larger 

 and finer than in the Horse. 



There is nothing to note particularly in the termination of the nerves in the 

 stomach. 



The hypoyltiMdl gives a long branch that passes to the sides of the larynx, and enters 

 the muscles on the anterior face of the trachea. 



COMPARISON OF THE CKANIAL NERVES OF MAN WITH THOSE OF ANIMALS. 



The few modifications offered by the cranial nerves of Man, when com] tared with 

 those of animals, are dictated by the disposition of the parts and organs to which the \ 

 are distributed. 



We have spoken of the olfactory lobes when studying the brain, so that we need not 

 again refer to them. The three succeeding nerves offer nothing worthy of mention. 



Trigeminal nerve. This has the same origin and divisions as in animals. 



The frontal nerve of the ophthalmic portion divides into two branches ; these are 

 inflected upwards on the margin of the orbit, and distributed to the skin ol the foivhrad. 

 These two branches, well developed in the Dog, are distinguished as internal and 

 external. The latter anastomoses with a branch of the facial. The naal ;///, after 

 spreading over the surface of the turbinated bones and the meatus, gives off a ramuscule 

 tliat becomes subcutaneous in passing between the inferior border of the nasal bone 

 and cartilage of the nostril ; this is the naso-lobular nerve. 



The miperiw maxillary nerve leaves the cranium by the foramen rotundum, r< aches 

 the suborbital furrow, and spreads over the face by suborbital branches. Like that of 

 animals, it gives rise to an orbital ramuscule, and posterior and anterior dental branches. 

 Differences appear in the other branches which are furnished, in animals, by the 

 superior maxillary nerve : in Man these branches leave Meckcl's ganglion. The fila- 

 ments leaving this ganglion are : 1, The pharyngeal nerve of Hock which is distribute d in 

 the upper portion of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, in that of the Kustadnan 

 tube and the posterior orifice of the nasal cavities ; 2, The jxilitinc ivrve* great or 

 anterior sent to the mucous membrane of the anterior portion of the palate; middle 

 /minimi-, distributed to that of the soft palate, and porter ior palatine, that goes to the two 

 faces of the soft palate and its muscles ; 3, The nasal or spheno-palatine nerve. 



The inferior maxillary nerve closely resembles that of animals, the only differences 

 consisting in: 1, The deep middle tcmj>oral nerve rising direct from the maxillary; 

 2, Tne lingual nerve is detached near the base of the cranium ; 3, The superficial 

 temporal nerve furnishes, independently of the filaments uniting it to the facial, an 



