////: .I/T. i //.r/vs Of >u /:/./.. -.:. 



11, i ve-tul>i > ..11 one side, and on the other lire furnished, for the most part, 

 with roils which jittiiin tin; free surface of tho tongue. The superficial, or 

 j,ri>ti'i-tii'- (v//x, completely envelop the preceding; they are a kind of 

 epithelial-cells imbricated like the skins of an onion. 



T!K sc sensitive organs are very numerous in the walls of the ealyciform 

 papillae. Schwalbe reekoned their number at 155,000 in the papillae of tin- 

 Ox. They are not met with in these papillae only; Lowen has found 

 tlu -in in a large quantity of fungiform papillae, if not in all. There is 

 nothing extraordinary in this, as the whole surface of the tongue may, in 

 various degrees, appreciate savours. (Szabadfoldy has described email 

 oval or pyriform bodies, lying with their long diameter parallel to the surface. 

 The axis-cylinders of the gustatory nerves enter these, and terminate at tin -ir 

 lower part in a slight swelling; so that they resemble small Pacciuian 

 bodies). 



D1FFEKF.NTIAI. CHARACTERS IN THE APPARATUS OF TA8TE IN OTHl R THAX SOUPED 



ANIMALS. 



In tin- ilium-stir niammifiTs, the differences in this apparatus are found in the numl>or 

 an I variety of foima of the papilla} of the tongue. 



In JimiiiiHiiit*, tin- I'iilycilbriu papillae are disposed in two rows nt the base of the 

 : tin van Mnallf-r tlifin in the Horse, but more numerous about u dozi-n being 

 ii'imted in each row. In tbe Ox. the filiform papillae are covered by a horny sheath, 

 wliidi n-nilers them hard to the touch. 



Tin- /'i;;, like Solipcds, has only two ealyciform papilla*. 



In the Dog and Cat, there are two principal papillae, and in their vicinity sonic smaller 

 i-ahv. .-. Tin- filiform papillae are <.-om|xi&ite, and covered by a thick horny layer. 

 Between them, regularly placed, are seen the fungiform papillae, which have a brilliant 

 uspcct wln-n Linked at obliquely to the surface of the tongue. 



COMPARISON OF THK AITAKATUS OF TASTE IN MAX WITH THAT OF ANIMALS. 



This has bec-n already alludid to at page 364. 



CHAPTER III. 



APPARATUS OF SMELL. 



THK sense of smell gives the appreciation of odorous emanations to animals. 

 Tin- active instruments of this sense are tho filaments of the first pair of 

 encephalic nerves, which ramify in the upper part of the pituitary membrane ; 

 this becomes, with the cavities it lines, the olfactory apparatus. These part* 

 have been already n-fern il to ut page 111. 



(The olfactory filaments, jafising down from the olfactory ganglion, form 

 a plexus upon the surface of tin- pituitary membrane. Those filaments, as 

 already noted, differ widely from those of the ordinary cephalic nerves, in 

 containing no white substance of J-'chwann, but are nucleated and fim-ly- 

 granular in structure, ami resemble greatly the gelatinous form of m-rve- 

 tilin-s. Their distribution is limited to the membrane at the upper third of 



tin nasal septum, the upper part of the turhinated bones, and tho wall of 

 tli. nasal cavities adjoning the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone: all 

 this surface being covered with an epithelium of a rich sepia-brown hue. 

 As has also been mentioned, Schuit/e ,livi.le< these cells into two sets: 



