'.'11 



EMBRYOLOGY. 



the same origin ; the cutaneous muscles, which are developed at the expense 

 of the cutaneous laminae of the middle layer of the blastoderm ; and the 

 muscles of the limbs, whoso development is not yet perfectly known. 



It was at one time believed that the muscular fibres were formed by the 

 junction, end to end, of several elongated cells ; but it is now known that 

 they are constituted by a single cell which lengthens, and whoso nuclei 

 multiply and lie at the surface, while its contents are transformed into a 

 substance which offers the characteristics of contractile tissue. The sar- 



colemma is formed after the fibre, 



Fig. 440. by a modification of the con- 



#f nective tissue surrounding it. 



DEVELOPMENT OP THE CIRCULATORY 

 APPARATUS. 



During the first days which 

 follow the appearance of the em- 

 bryo in the substance of the blas- 

 todermic layer, there is no trace 

 of vessels in the area germinativa. 

 It is not long, however, before the 

 heart and some blood-vessels are 

 seen in the middle layer, the 

 vessels extending to the surface 

 of the umbilical vesicle, which 

 gradually shows itself. While 

 the contents of the vitelline vesicle 

 are being absorbed by the embryo, 

 the heart is being completed, the 

 vessels are developing, the allan- 

 tois is formed, and the placental- 

 circulation, which continues until 

 birth, is established. From this 

 time the circulatory apparatus has 

 acquired its definitive disposition. 

 1. APPEARANCE OF THE HEAKT. 

 CIRCULATION IN THE UMBILICAL 



1, At the time of the first appearance of the um- VESICLE. The pleuro-peritoneal 

 bilicales, and the commencement of the om- Cavity of the embryo presents, 

 phalo-mesentericae ; 2, At the time of the first anteriorly, a diverticulum, tin 

 appearance of the branches to and from the ^ mm 'ty in the interior of which 

 liver, and the diminution of the omphalo- ,, , i i j mi.- 



mesenteric vessels ; 3, 4, At the period of com- tne heart 1S developed, 

 plete fostal circulation in 1, Omphalo-mesenteric organ appears at first as a small 

 trunk; in 2, 3, Remains of it; in 4, Vein of the mass of cells, the innermost of 



yolk sac alone; om', Right and om" Left vena wnich become separated from each 



omphalo-mesentencae ; , 1 runk of the um- ,1 , 



bilical vein; ', Right, and u", Left vena um- ot . her *, Cr ? ato a Cavit 7 aud con ~ 

 bilicalis ; dc, Ductus Cuvieri ; ;, Jugularis ; c, Stltute the blood-globules. As SOOll 

 Cardinalis ; /, Liver ; ha, hepatica adveheates ; as it shows itself, the heart COn- 

 hr, Hepaticae revehentes; m, Mesenteries; d,.t, tracts and dilates alternately, the 

 Ductus venosus Arantii; ci, Car* inferior; p, mov ements being very slow, though 

 Vena porttc; /, Lienalis; m. Alesentenca su- ,, , ,, b , J 



perior. they gradually become quicker. 



Towards the twelfth day, the 

 central organ of the circulation lias the form of a con tractile cylindrical tube. 



DIAGRAM OF THE FORMATION OF THE VEN^E 

 OMPHALO-MESENTERICJE AND UMBILICALES. 



