APPLE TONS' 



ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA. 



A 



AAEIFI PASHA, who succeeded Savfet 

 Pasha as Minister of Foreign Affairs in July, 

 1877, is considered one of the finest scholars 

 and most able statesmen of Turkey. He pos- 

 sesses a thorough knowledge of French, and 

 was for a long time interpreter to Abdul Med- 

 jid ; he also possesses a knowledge of German. 

 In October, 1872, he was appointed ambassa- 

 dor to Austria, but was recalled in 1873, and 

 in 1874 was appointed to the ministry of for- 

 eign affairs. In the different ministries which 

 succeeded each other in 1875 and 1876, he held 

 at times the offices of Minister of Education 

 and of Justice. In the beginning of 1877 he 

 was again appointed ambassador in Vienna, 

 and in July, 1877, was recalled to succeed 

 Savfet Pasha as Minister of Foreign Affairs ; 

 but, before one month was past, was forced to 

 resign. As a scholar he gained considerable 

 reputation by his translation of Michaud's 

 " History of the Crusades." 



ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT, died in 

 Fair Haven, Conn., June 17, 1877. He was born 

 in Brunswick, Me., September 18, 1805, and 

 was educated at Bowdoin College and Andover 

 Theological Seminary, graduating from the for- 

 mer in 1825. He was ordained to the minis- 

 try in the Congregational Church in 1830, and 

 was settled successively at Worcester, Rox- 

 bury, and Nantucket, Mass. His first published 

 work, "The Mother at Home," appeared in 

 1833, and was followed not long after by " The 

 Child at Home." In 1844 he relinquished the 

 pastorate, and devoted himself exclusively to 

 literature, but occasionally resumed his minis- 

 terial labors for brief periods, and in 1866-'68 

 acted as stated supply in New Haven. With 

 few exceptions his works have been professedly 

 historical. The principal of them are: "Prac- 

 tical Christianity; " "Kings and Queens, or Life 

 in the Palace ; " " The French Revolution of 

 1789 ; " " The History of Napoleon Bonaparte " 

 (2 vols.) ; " Napoleon at St. Helena ; " " The 



History of Napoleon III." (1868) 10 vols. of 

 illustrated histories; "A History of the Civil 

 War in America " (2 vols., 1863-'66); "Romance 

 of Spanish History" (1870); and "The His- 

 tory of Frederick the Second, called Frederick 

 the Great " (1871). Most of Mr. Abbott's works 

 have had a large sale, and several of them have 

 been translated into many languages. 



ABDUL KERIM PASHA, commander-in- 

 chief of the Turkish forces in Europe from 

 April 17, to July, 1877, was born in 1807 at 

 Tchirfa, in the district of Philippopolis, of a 

 family descended from one of the Bulgarian 

 chiefs who embraced Mohammedanism at the 

 time of the Mussulman conquest. He entered 

 the army in 1828, and was immediately sent by 

 Mahmoud II. to the military academy of Vien- 

 na. Here he acquired a knowledge of Ger- 

 man, which he speaks quite fluently, reading 

 also with decided predilection German news- 

 papers. On his return to Constantinople he 

 was rapidly promoted, and his efforts toward 

 the reorganization of the imperial forces con- 

 tributed greatly to the realization of the re- 

 forms contemplated by the Sultans Mahmoud 

 and Abdul Medjid. He has been Mushir for 

 more than twenty-five years, and has served 

 in all the wars of Turkey of recent times. 

 When Hussein Avni Pasha was assassinated in 

 1876, he was appointed Seraskier or Minister 

 of War in his place, but resigned, when war be- 

 came imminent, to assume the chief command. 

 During the campaign against Servia in 1876 he 

 gained great credit for the successful issue of 

 the war, and owed to this his appointment as 

 Serdar Ekrem, or commander-in-chief of the 

 Turkish army. He was removed from this 

 position on July 19, as his inactivity, which 

 permitted the Russians to advance almost un- 

 opposed, met with disfavor in Constantinople. 

 He hates Christians, in spite of his long inter- 

 course with them, while his morose and mis- 

 anthropic temperament has frequently gained 



