CHILI. 



97 



pressure." For gas-photometry it is convenient to 

 use two such units in order to increase the distance 

 between the disk and the standard light. 



Salicylic Acid as an Antiferment in Wine. 

 To prevent fermentation, a wine-grower in 

 New Jersey added to a 12-gallon keg of new 

 wine about 1 gramme of salicylic acid, or a very 

 little more than the mimimum quantity as 

 given by Neubauer. Soon the wine lost its 

 natural flavor, and acquired a flavor something 

 like that of camphor. A sample of this altered 

 wine having been submitted to Dr. Endemann 

 for examination, he at once referred the new 

 flavor to the presence of salicylic ether. In a 

 communication to the American Chemical So- 

 ciety, Dr. Endemann writes: 



The formation of this ether may be understood 

 if we regard the circumstances. The wine was only 

 one year old, and could not be considered ripe and 

 ready for sale, and should therefore have received 

 not the minimum quantity but rather more salicylic 

 acid, to entirely prevent after- fermentation. The 

 quantity, therefore, being insufficient, salicylic acid 

 came in contact with alcohol instatu nascenai, which 

 caused this abnormal action. Wine-growers are 

 naturally very suspicious of chemicals, and are there- 

 fore very apt to make the same mistake that is, 

 they prefer to use the minimum quantity; and I 

 should not be surprised if similar experiences had 

 followed the application of this substance in other 

 places. 



CHILI (REpfJBLicA DE CHILE), an indepen- 

 dent state of sooth America, extending from 

 latitude 24 to 56 south, and from longitude 

 70 to 74 west. It is bounded on the north 

 by Bolivia; on the east by the Argentine Re- 

 public and Patagonia, from both of which it 

 is separated by the Cordillera of the Andes ; 

 on the south by Cape Horn (as claimed by the 

 Chilian, though contested by the Argentine 

 Government) and the South Pacific; and on 

 the west by the same ocean. Of the present 

 state of the boundary question with the Argen- 

 tine Republic, and the events recently trans- 

 pired in connection therewith, a notice has 

 been given in the article on that country in 

 this volume ; and for the area, territorial di- 

 vision, and population, reference may be made 

 to the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1876. 



The President of Chili is Seflor Don Anibal 

 Pinto (inaugurated September 18, 1876). 



The Cabinet is composed of the following 

 ministers : Interior, Sefior Don Jose V. Lastar- 

 ria ; Foreign Affairs, Sefior Don Jose Alfonso ; 

 Finance, Sefior Don R. Sotomayor ; Justice, 

 Public Worship, and Public Instruction, Sefior 

 Don J. M. Amunategui ; and War and the 

 Navy, Sefior Don Kelisario Prats. 



The Council of State, composed of the cabi- 

 net ministers, three senators, three deputies, 

 one member of the courts of justice, one eccle- 

 siastical dignitary, one general, the director 

 of one of the departments of Finance, and an 

 ex-minister or ex-intendant, is presided over 

 by the Chief Magistrate of the Republic. 



The President of the Supreme Court of San- 

 tiago is Sefior Montt. 



There is a Court of Appeals at Santiago, Con- 

 VOL. XVH. 7 A 



cepcion, and La Serena. The Auditor-Gen- 

 eral of Accounts is Seflor Don A. Tagle, and 

 the Postmaster-General is Senor Don R. L. 

 Irrarazobal. 



The Archbishop of Santiago is the Right 

 Reverend N. V. Valdivieso; and the Bishops 

 of La Serena, Concepcion, and Ancud, are M. 

 Orrego, J. H. Salas (elevated in 1854), and 

 Francisco de Paula Solar (1857), respectively. 



There is at present no Chilian Minister ac- 

 credited to the United States. The functions 

 of Charge d 1 Affaires are exercised by Sefior Don 

 E. N. Zanartu. 



The Chilian Consul at New York is C. R. 

 Flint, Esq. 



D. J. Williamson, Esq., United States Consul 

 at Valparaiso, was discharging the duties of 

 Charge d 1 'Affaires ad interim. 



The standing Army was composed of 10 gen- 

 erals, 11 colonels, 37 lieutenant-colonels, 52 ma- 

 jors, 126 captains, 29 adjutants-major, and 232 

 lieutenants 497 officers; and the following 

 corps : 



Two regiments of horse 686 men. 



Five battalions of foot 1,875 " 



Artillery regiment 604 " 



Total 8,165 men. 



As vacancies occurring in the regular Army 

 are made up by volunteers from the National 

 Guard for a limited period of service, the reg- 

 ulation strength of 3,573, fixed bylaw in 1875, 

 is rarely attained. The force of the National 

 Guard for the year already mentioned is ex- 

 hibited in the subjoined table : 



The Navy, in the same period, comprised the 

 following vessels : 



There were in the Navy 1 vice-admiral, 2 

 rear-admirals, 5 first-class, 13 second-class, 

 and 8 third-class captains, 32 lieutenants, 

 87 midshipmen, and 10 cadets; 15 commis- 

 saries, 5 surgeons, 41 engineers (including the 

 inspector-general of machines), and 6 pilots; 

 and 1 battalion of marines, commanded by 1 

 colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 4 captains, and 

 19 lieutenants. There is also a battalion of 

 marine artillery at Valparaiso, forming a part 

 of the guardia civil, and comprising 808 men, 

 officered by 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant-colonel, 6 

 captains, and 24 lieutenants. 



The national revenue for the year 1875 (esti- 



