COMMERCE (FOREIGN) OF THE UNITED STATES. 



125 



The principal, and in many cases almost the 

 sole, European customers for the manufactured 

 articles were England and Germany, England 

 taking usually much larger quantities. The 

 following is a list of the principal purchasers 

 of the above enumerated exported manufac- 

 tures, with the values taken by some of the 

 countries, England and Germany being desig- 

 nated by their initials. Cotton goods: E. 

 (5,275), G. (1,697), Belgium (1,121), Holland 

 (585), Chili (490), Mexico (373), Hayti (203), 

 China (768), Africa (680), and other Spanish- 

 American states, East Indies, Hong -Kong, 

 Asiatic Turkey, and some of the British- 

 American colonies large amounts. Leather: 

 Of tanned leather, E. (5,275), G. (1,697), Bel- 

 gium (1,121), and Holland (121), took nearly 

 the entire exportation; of morocco and fine 

 leathers, nearly all went to England (918); 

 boots and shoes and saddlery went to Ameri- 

 can countries. Iron : Pigs and bars to the 

 value of three-quarters of a million went to 

 the British provinces; castings to the same 

 market, and Cuba and Great Britain mostly; 

 car-wheels to England and Spanish America ; 

 stoves to American countries and the East, 

 and a few to the Netherlands ; 44 locomotives 

 were exported, of which Brazil took 15, Rus- 

 sia 11, Cuba 10, Peru 5, and British provinces 

 8; 57 stationary engines went to American 

 countries, and 3 to the Netherlands; general 

 machinery was distributed all over the world 

 E. (415), G. (206), British Provinces, Cuba 

 (395), Mexico (280), etc. ; nails went to Ameri- 

 can countries ; and miscellaneous manufactures 

 to the value of nearly 4 millions wre distribu- 

 ted. Steel manufactures : Edge-tools E. (69), 

 G. (20), Australia (131), Colombia (112), Bra- 

 zil (61), Mexico (52) ; guns and pistols E. 

 (428), G. (10), Turkey (1,563), Russia (369), 

 British Possessions, Mexico (322), Cuba (103), 

 Colombia (160). Sewing-machines: E. (699), 

 G. (367), Belgium (16), France (57), Australia 

 (103), Colombia (90), Cuba (87), Mexico (75), 

 Venezuela (58), Brazil (29). Agricultural im- 

 plements : Mowers and reapers E. (596), G. 

 (348), France (115), Sweden and Norway (40), 

 Netherlands (37), Russia (30) ; other farming 

 implements Great Britain, Germany, France, 

 British colonies, and South America. Car- 

 riages and carts: Australia, E., British and 

 Spanish America ; railway cars Chili, Peru, 

 E., Sweden. Ordnance-stores : Cartridges and 

 fuses Colombia (192), Mexico (146), China 

 (97); shot and shell Turkey (1,747), Vene- 

 zuela (158). Clocks: E. (488), G. (94), Japan 

 (89), China (34), Australia (82), Hong-Kong 

 (69). Musical instruments : Organs and melo- 

 deons E. (235), G. (105), Australia (67), Can- 

 ada and Nova Scotia (95) ; pianos G. (38), E. 

 (27), Canada and Nova Scotia (135), Mexico 

 (27). Paper : Cuba, British America, E. (75), 

 G. (15), Brazil and Spanish, America. Per- 

 fumery : Argentine Republic, Brazil, and Span- 

 ish America. Paintings and engravings: E. 

 (133), Brazil (72), Belgium, France, G., etc. 



Books, etc. : E. (97), G. (37), Canada, Brazil 

 68), Colombia (43). Copper : France (1,766), 

 G. (782), E. (316), Holland (70), Hong-Kong, 

 Japan ; copper manufactures Spain (149), E. 

 (91). Brass: Turkey (153), Cuba (61), E., 

 Japan. Glass: Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and 

 Spanish America, Japan, China, Australia, and 

 small amounts to Europe. Hemp manufac- 

 tures : E., G., Portugal, Belgium ; cordage 

 Nova Scotia, Cuba, and Spanish America. 

 Drugs, etc. : E. (614), G. (156), Belgium (54), 

 France (34), Australia (296), Colombia (278), 

 Brazil (152), and Cuba, Venezuela, and Mexico 

 similar amounts. Dyes: G. (527), E. (224), 

 Netherlands (48). Gutta-percha wares: Can- 

 ada, G., Cuba. Jewelry : Canada, E. Watches : 

 E., Canada. Plated ware: Canada, E., G. 

 Hats: Canada. Wool manufactures: Canada. 

 Clothing: E. (164), G. (82), Sandwich Islands 

 (60), China (32), etc. Furniture: E. (156), G. 

 (80), British Provinces (360), Australia (257), 

 France (13), Argentine Republic (78), Cuba 

 (66), Colombia (69), Hayti (56), Chili (67), etc. ; 

 wooden ware and other wood manufactures 

 E. (334), G. (238), Australia (197). Sugar (re- 

 fined) : E. (3,356), G. (46), Uruguay (490), 

 Chili (435), Argentine Republic (363), etc., 

 Netherlands (36). Molasses: E. (777), G. 

 (323). Spirits (distilled) : France, South 

 America, and the East. Spirits of turpentine : 

 E. (1,127), G. (81), Belgium (140), Mexico 

 (149). Soap : Hayti (287), San Domingo (64), 

 Colombia (188). Starch: G. (176), E., (47), 

 Canada (51), Netherlands (34), Belgium (29), 

 Uruguay (68), Argentine Republic (76), etc. 

 Tobacco: E. (1,060), G. (184), Australia (329), 

 Belgium (93), France (88), Colombia (115), 

 Hayti (87), Cuba (60), British colonies, etc. 

 The great reduction in the values of imports 

 in the last couple of years finds its explanation 

 in great part in the disturbance in business 

 and reduction of the spending power of the 

 people. That was the principal cause of the 

 falling off of one-quarter in 1876, which in- 

 creased to one-third in 1877 in the importations 

 of gold and silver wares and jewels; and of 

 the decline of 20 per cent, in furs in 1877, and 

 of about a million dollars a year, or 25 per 

 cent, in the two years, in fancy goods. The 

 consumption of tea, coffee, and sugar, is usu- 

 ally regarded as indicative of the straitened 

 or prosperous condition of the people. The 

 consumption of tea has fallen off in regular 

 stages from about 23 million dollars in 1875 

 to 20 millions in 1876, and 16 millions in 1877 

 notwithstanding the removal of the duty on 

 that article and coffee. The latter increased 

 from 51 millions in 1875 to 57 millions in 1876, 

 and receded again to 54 millions in 1877. The 

 rise of sugar has apparently not diminished, 

 the imports of sugar and molasses having been 

 85 millions in 1875, 66 millions in 1876, and 

 93 millions in 1877. The great falling off in 

 1876 was owing to the unusually large yield 

 of the Louisiana plantations. The imports of 

 raw tobacco have been remarkably even in the 



