268 



EDHEM PASHA. 



EGYPT. 



for having been so weak as to admit the Con- 

 servatives to any share in the Government. 



Another short-lived and unsuccessful upris- 

 ing took place a month later, at the instigation, 

 according to report, of the Clerical party. 



But the most serious outbreak of the year 

 was that known as the revolution of the " Ter- 

 rorists of the North," in which General Y6pez 

 was the leading, if not the guiding, spirit, the 

 latter part being attributed to high ecclesias- 

 tical dignitaries. The Conservatives were this 

 time overcome as before, though, in order to 

 insure the triumph of the Liberals, Colombian 

 troops had been invited to cross the border, and 

 actually reached the capital. After the victory 

 which was gained, it would appear, without 

 their aid, by the intrepidity and energy of Gen- 

 eral Vernaza the Colombians withdrew, after 

 " payment to them of an indemnity " (writes 

 a newspaper correspondent from Guayaquil) 

 " for war expenses." Order was once more 

 established, but disaffection was prevalent in 

 the ranks of the Liberals, who had begun to 

 suspect the President of the Republic and chief 

 of their party of undue confidence in, and favor 

 toward, the Clerical party. Several impolitic, 

 and not a few arbitrary, acts of his since his 

 arrival at Guayaquil whither the Government 

 had been transferred in August, preparatory to 

 the meeting of a convention to be summoned 

 for some time in December provoked the overt 

 expression of unqualified dissatisfaction on the 

 part of the Liberals themselves. " Order has 

 been established," writes the correspondent 

 already alluded to. "but the future political 

 prospects of the country are as uncertain as 

 ever." 



An unusually disastrous eruption of the vol- 

 cano Cotopaxi took place on June 26, 1877, 

 devastating the surrounding country, and en- 

 veloping Quito in almost total darkness for a 

 time. The loss of property was estimated at 

 $2,000,000, and 1,000 persons are said to have 

 perished. The only inconvenience felt at Quito 

 was that caused by the darkness and a contin- 

 uous shower of ashes from the cone. 



EDHEM PASHA, the successor of Midhat 

 Pasha as Grand Vizier, was born at Chio, of 

 Greek parents, in 1823. He was saved, when 

 a child, by Turkish soldiers, during the mas- 

 sacre of the Christian inhabitants of Chio, and 

 was brought up in the Mohammedan faith, while 

 his brother, who escaped, remained true to 

 Christianity, and was for a number of years a 

 priest hi one of the suburbs of Constantinople. 

 While yet a boy, Edhem was sold as a slave to 

 Khossev Pasha. His master, however, gave 

 him his liberty, and sent him, with some other 

 boys, to Paris, to be educated. Here he re- 

 mained from 1832 to 1835; and after having 

 traveled through France, Germany, and Switz- 

 erland, he returned to Constantinople in 1839, 

 ' and was at once appointed~lPeaptain on the 

 general staff. In 1849, the Sultan appointed 

 him his adjutant, and at the same time he be- 

 came Abdul Medjid's French instructor, and 



tutor of the late Sultan Murad and Sultan Ab- 

 dul Hamid II. He was also frequently intrust- 

 ed with political missions. In 1856 he became 

 a member of the Council of State ; was then 

 appointed Minister of the Interior, being at 

 the same time created Mushir, but resigned 

 his portfolio within a year. He nevertheless 

 retained considerable influence in the councils 

 of the Empire, which he represented in 1876, 

 for a short time, at Berlin. At the conference 

 of Constantinople, in 1876-'77, he was one of 

 the representatives of the Porte, and in Febru- 

 ary, 1877, was appointed Grand Vizier. 



EGYPT,* a country of Northeastern Africa, 

 nominally a pashalic of the Turkish Empire, 

 but virtually an independent state since 1811. 

 The ruler of Egypt, who has the name of 

 Khedive, is Ismail Pasha, born at Cairo, De- 

 cember 31, 1830, second son of Ibrahim, the 

 son of Mehemet Ali ; succeeded to the Govern- 

 ment at the death of his uncle, Said Pasha, 

 January 18, 1863. The eldest son of the Khe- 

 dive, Mohammed Tewfick, born in 1852, is 

 President of the Privy Council; his eldest 

 son, Prince Abbas Bey, was born July 14, 



1874. The second son of the Khedive, Prince 

 Hussein Kamil, born in 1853, is member of 

 the Privy Council, and Minister of War and 

 Colonies. The third son, Hassan, also born 

 in 1853, is major d la suite in the Prussian 

 army. 



By the annexation of Darfonr and other ter- 

 ritories, Egypt has largely increased in both 

 area and population. At the beginning of 



1875, the area and population of the large 

 divisions of which Egypt is now composed' 

 were as follows : 



J. C. McCoan, in "Egypt As It Is " (1877), 

 gives the following official classification of 

 Egypt proper as approximately correct: 



Settled Arabs 4,500,000*" 



Bedouins 800,000 



Turks 10,000 



Copts (according to an estimate of the Coptic Bish- 

 op of Cairo) 500.000 



Abyssinians 8,000 



Nubians and Soodanis (mostly slaves) 40,000 



Jews 20.000 



Rayah Greeks 20,000 



Syrians 7,000 



Armenians 10.000 



Various foreigners 90,000 



Total, about 5,500,000 



The public debt amounted, according to J. 

 0. McCoan, to 80,390,000 (" Egypt As It Is," 

 p. 129). 



The imports and exports from 1866 to 1875 



* For latest statistics of foreigners, of population of large 

 cities, of movement of shipping in the principal ports, etc., see 

 ANNTTAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1874. For an account of the pub- 

 lic revenue and expenditure, see ANNUAL CYCLOP JEDIA for 

 1876. 



