320 



FRANCE. 



Works, was a member of the National Assem- 

 bly, and in 1876 was elected a Senator from the 

 Pas-de-Calais. He is an adherent of the Due 

 de Broglie. 



Due Louis CHARLES ELIE AMANIEU DECAZES, 

 the Minister of Foreign Affairs (see ANNUAL 

 CYCLOPEDIA for 1874, page 330), has held that 

 position in all the different cabinets since 1874. 

 In 1876 he was elected to the Chamber of Depu- 

 ties from the 8th arrondissement of Paris. 

 He was retained in the cabinet as a guarantee to 

 Europe in general, and Germany in particular, 

 that no change in the foreign policy was con- 

 templated. 



JOSEPH MATTHIEU BBUNET, the Minister of 

 Public Instruction, was born March 4, 1829. 

 Up to 1876, when he was elected to the Senate 

 from the department of the Correze, he had 

 not occupied a prominent position in general 

 politics. In the Senate he was a member of 

 the Right Centre, vacillating between the Le- 

 gitimists and the Bonapartists. 



DUFAUBE, JULES ARMAND STANISLAS (see AN- 

 NUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1875, page 314), at the 

 elections for the Chamber of Deputies, in Feb- 

 ruary, 1876, was returned from the Charente- 

 Inferieure, and in August was elected a life 

 Senator, to fill the vacancy caused by the death 

 of Casimir P6rier. In March, 1876, he suc- 

 ceeded M. Buffet as President of the Ministry, 

 but was forced to resign in December, 1876. 

 During 1877 he did not take a very prominent 

 part in national affairs, until, in December, he 

 was called upon by President MacMahon to 

 form a new cabinet. 



MARCERE, EMILE Louis GUSTAVE DESHATES 

 DE, was born March 16, 1828. In 1871 he was 

 elected to the National Assembly, and there 

 belonged to the Left Centre, of which he soon 

 became one of the most distinguished members. 

 He was a frequent speaker in the Assembly, 

 and, together with M. Ricard, was the reporter 

 on the municipal electoral law. In 1876 he 

 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from 

 the Nord, and was appointed Under-Secretary of 

 State in the Department of the Interior. After 

 the death of M. Ricard, he took his place as 

 Minister of the Interior, and in December, 1876, 

 resigned, with the entire cabinet. In Decem- 

 ber, 1877, however, he was again called upon 

 to take the Department of the Interior in the 

 cabinet of M. Dufaure. 



SAY, JEAN BAPTISTE LEON, the new Minister 

 of Finance, was born in 1826. He was the 

 grandson of the distinguished political econo- 

 mist, Jean Baptiste Say. Under the Empire 

 Leon Say published a number of works on 

 political economy, and bitterly attacked the 

 financial administration of Baron Haussmann, 

 the Prefect of the Seine. After the overthrow 

 of the Empire, in 1870, he heartily indorsed the 

 Republic ; and as administrator of the railroads 

 of the Nord took an active-part in the pro- 

 visioning of Paris during the investment of 

 that city. In 1871 he was elected to the Na- 

 tional Assembly from the Seine, and took his 



place in the Left Centre. In June, 1871, he 

 was appointed Prefect of the Department of 

 Seine, and in December of the same year Min- 

 ister of Finance, which position he retained 

 until the resignation of M. Thiers, in May, 1873. 

 He now became one of the ablest defenders of 

 the Republic in the Assembly ; and on March 

 10, 1875, again entered the cabinet as Minister 

 of Finance. He retained this position in the 

 cabinet of M. Dufaure, of March 9, 1876, and 

 also in that of Jules Simon, of December 13, 

 1876 ; but resigned, with the latter ministry, in 

 May, 1877. Upon the formation of a Repub- 

 lican cabinet by Dufaure, in December, 1877, he 

 was again appointed Minister of Finance. 



WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRI, was born in 

 Paris, of English parents, in 1826. He studied 

 in the University of Cambridge; and having 

 returned to France, he devoted himself to the 

 study of numismatics, being in possession of an 

 independent fortune, and in 1869 was elacted 

 a member of the Academy. In 1871 he was 

 elected to the National Assembly from the 

 Aisne ; and in 1873 was, for a few days, Min- 

 ister of Instruction. In 1874 President Mac- 

 Mahon offered him a portfolio, which he re- 

 fused, in order not to separate himself from his 

 friends of the Left Centre. In 1876 he was 

 elected to the Senate from the Aisne ; and in 

 M. Dufaure's cabinet of March 9, 1876, was 

 appointed Minister of Instruction, and retained 

 this position under Jules Simon, but retired in 

 March, 1877. In December, 1877, he became 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs. 



FREYCINET, CHARLES Louis DE SAULOES DE, 

 was born November 14, 1828. He received his 

 education in the Polytechnic School, and held 

 various positions under the Empire. He was a 

 delegate to the Government of National De- 

 fense at Tours, in 1870 ; and in 1876 was elect- 

 ed Senator from the Seine. In the Senate he 

 voted with the Republicans; and in Decem- 

 ber, 1877, was appointed Minister of Public 

 Works. 



BAEDOUX, AGENOR, was born January 15, 

 1830. He is a distinguished lawyer, and in 

 1871 was elected to the National Assembly. 

 He was for a time, in 1875, Under-Secretary of 

 State in the Ministry of Justice ; in 1876 was 

 elected to the Cham her of Deputies from Puy- 

 de-D6me ; and in December, 1877, was ap- 

 pointed Minister of Education. 



TEISSERENO DE BORT, PIERRE EDMOND, was 

 born in 1814 ; was elected a Deputy in 1846, a 

 member of the National Assembly in 1871, 

 and a Senator for Haute-Vienne in 1876. He 

 was Minister of Agriculture and Commerce 

 from April, 1872, to May, 1873; again from 

 March, 1876, to May, 1877, and was appointed 

 to this office a third time in December, 1877. 



General BOBEL, the Minister of War in M. Du- 

 fanre's cabinet, was born in 1819. He has been 

 since 1854, almost uninterruptedly, Marshal 

 MacMahon's adjutant, and accompanied him in 

 the campaigns in the Crimea, Algeria, and 

 Italy. In 1869 he became chief of staff of the 



