330 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY. 



delays he could not gain permission to pass 

 through Insalah territory, and had to choose 

 some other route to the Niger. Hildebrandt 

 visited the Kenia, but was obliged to return to 

 Europe ; Dr. Lenz was unable to remain longer 

 in the climate of the west coast, and Baron 

 Earth, who was examining the geology of the 

 Portuguese possessions, fell a victim to the 

 fever; E. Mohr was another much regretted 

 martyr to science. The Marquis of Antinori, 

 after many delays and mishaps, owing to the 

 coldness and hostility of the Egyptian governor 

 of Zeyla, reached Shoa in the latter part of 

 1876, but without his stores and instruments, 

 which had been plundered and lost on the 

 route, so that Captain Martini was obliged to 

 return to Italy, to procure a new outfit. He 

 was subjected to further delays and complica- 

 tions on his return, and at last accounts was 

 unable to rejoin his chief. Dr. Schnitzler has 

 discovered a colony of "Wahabites in Mtesa's 

 country. Dr. Junker has explored the lower 

 Sobat and the Makaraka country. Dr. G. A. 

 Fischer and A. Denhardt made an excursion 

 along the Dana river, and through the country 

 lying between the coast and the Ukerewe Ny- 

 assa. Dr. Crevaux, in Guiana, was kept a 

 sort of prisoner by the Buis, who would hardly 

 allow him food ; he also suffered from fever, 

 yet he was able to examine the mineral ra- 

 sources of the country, and expected to be able 

 to cross the Tumachumac mountains. The 

 members of the King of Belgium's Internation- 

 al African Expedition are Captain Crespel, 

 leader, and Cambier, geographer, Dr. Maes, 

 naturalist, and the experienced Austrian trav- 

 eler E. Marno. Keith Johnson, the geographer, 

 is spoken of as the first explorer to be sent out 

 from the English African Exploration Fund. 



Colonel Gordon, in his steamboat excursions 

 up the Nile, noticed that the river began to 

 widen 20 miles south of Duffli, and the current 

 to slacken, and describes it from that point on 

 as nothing more than a continuation of the Al- 

 bert Lake, having a width sometimes of 2 and 

 3 marine miles ; it is filled with islands of papy- 

 rus ; the natives here wear a skin garment ; fur- 

 ther up they clothe themselves with bark. It 

 was the most thickly populated portion of Afri- 

 ca that he had seen. He was unable to see the 

 fork of the river described hy Gessi. The 

 Mwutan Nzige or Albert Nyanza is dismal, and 

 the surrounding scenery dull. The mouth of 

 the Victoria Nile is difficult to find, in a laby- 

 rinth formed by the papyrus islands. The left 

 bank of this river is thickly speckled with vil- 

 lages. Up to the Murchison falls the current 

 is slow, hut above these are many rapids. The 

 country here is an uninhahited forest. In a 

 distance of 10 to 15 miles there is a fall of 700 

 feet. Carlo Piaggia, who was a member of 

 Gessi's expedition of 1876^ascended the Som- 

 erset Nile to Mruli, and made along examina- 

 tion of Lake Ibrahim. The lake is 32 to 35 

 miles long, running north-northwest, and is 12 

 to 15 miles in width. Its southwestern half is 



full of islands. The Somerset Nile issues from 

 its northern extremity. He discovered what he 

 thought to be a second outlet connecting it 

 with the Sobat or with the White Nile. He 

 followed this stream, to which he gives the 

 name of Massanga, until it lost itself in a net- 

 work of swamps, after a course of short length. 



Stanley visited Karagwe, Rumanika's coun- 

 try, in March, 1876. He gives the name of 

 Kagera to the river called Kitangul6 in Speke's 

 account, and says that Speke's Ingezi River is a 

 series of lagoons. He passed within sight of 

 the Lake Akanyara of Speke, otherwise called 

 Nyanza Cha Ngama, to which he gave the new 

 name of Alexandra Nyanza. A river is re- 

 ported to flow into it from the west. He calls 

 the entire river the Alexandra Nile, including 

 the western affluent of the lake and the outlet 

 into the Victoria Lake through the Ingezi, with 

 its continuation, the Kagera or Kitangul6. 

 Captain Speke's account of this river system 

 was materially the same as that sent by Mr. 

 Stanley. The natives spoke of a lake or marsh, 

 called the Kiou, to the southward, which 

 receives part of the waters of the Akanyara 

 Lake ; this lake gives rise to a river, the Rusizi, 

 which is an affluent of the Tanganyika : Stan- 

 ley did not see this lake and river, and there- 

 fore cannot confirm this strange report of a 

 double outlet to the Akanyara. 



Stanley left Karagwe for Lake Tanganyika on 

 March 25, 1876, and arrived at Ujiji after a two 

 months' march. He sailed around the lake in 

 52 days, and explored the Lukuga outlet, dis- 

 covered by Cameron. It appears that this is 

 not properly an outlet, but a channel connect- 

 ing the lake with an extensive marshy bottom- 

 land, into which the water is drifted by the 

 heavy southeasterly winds, which blow almost 

 daily, the current, setting back however, into 

 the lake when the wind subsides. He sailed 

 up the stream, which is 90 to 450 yards wide, 

 for about three miles, where a dense thicket of 

 papyrus checked his progress. Here he could 

 not detect any current with a level. Explor- 

 ing this swampy bottom he found nothing but 

 marsh beyond the point where his boat was 

 stopped, with here and there a pool of stand- 

 ing water, while the brooks which flowed into 

 the marsh all trended southeastward ; until, 

 over six miles out, beyond where the Kibamiba 

 joins the swampy bed, which also flows south- 

 eastward, he came to a stream whose current 

 was westward, with a temperature 7 cooler 

 than the Lukuga. This creek bears the name 

 Lukuga, nntil it passes through the Kiyanja 

 ridge of hills, a mile or two farther on ; then 

 it is called the Lnindi or Luinbi. The Luindi 

 flows into the Kamalondo, a tributary of the 

 Lualaba. Natives report that the intermediate 

 space between the westerly and southeasterly 

 water-courses was once comparatively dry land, 

 where tamarinds grew. Stanley has a theory 

 that the lake is rising, that it formerly had no 

 outlet, and that in the marshy tract, which re- 

 ceives the overflow of the lake, a river-bed U 



