GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY. 



331 



forming. Stanley reports that Ubwari, in the 

 northern part of Tanganyika Lake, is not an 

 island but a peninsula, inclosing a deep bay, 

 which he has named after Captain Burton. 

 From the facts that this bed, called also the 

 Mitwansi, is filled with alluvial deposit, and 

 that the Kibamiba and other creeks which 

 enter the old river-bed have a southeasterly 

 course, he makes the deduction that the Lukuga 

 was at one time an affluent of the lake, and 

 that the same bed is now being transformed 

 into an outlet by the rising of the lake, and he 

 conjectures that before many years there will 

 be a continuous flow by this channel from the 

 lake down to the Lualaba. 



When Stanley returned to Ujiji, August 1, 

 1876, he found the smallpox broken out in the 

 town, and committing fearful ravages. He de- 

 termined to depart as soon as possible, although 

 nearly prostrated with fatigue, in order to pre- 

 serve his followers from infection, the provision 

 of lymph which he had brought being spoiled. 

 From August 24, 1876, the day of his departure, 

 nothing more was heard of the expedition for a 

 twelvemonth. His next letter was dispatched 

 from Kabinda, near the mouth of the Congo 

 river on the west coast of Africa. The journey 

 from Ujiji to Nyangwe, in the country of the 

 cannibal Manyemas, took 40 days ; the distance 

 is about 850 miles. This town, known already 

 from the descriptions of Livingstone and Cam- 

 eron, is situated on the north bank of the Lua- 

 laba, in the centre of Africa, and is inhabited 

 by Mussulmans from Zanzibar whites, Arabs, 

 and mulattoes who make it the base of their 

 slaving expeditions. The field of operations of 

 the Mohammedan slavers embraces the region 

 surrounding Tanganyika, the empire of Uganda, 

 the country north of Lake Nyanza, the country 

 of the Manyemas on the Lualaba, and other 

 lands more to the southward. Of all these 

 lands, that of Marungu, southwest of Nyangwe, 

 and morthwest of Lake Mwero, extending to 

 the very banks of Tanganyika, is the most pro- 

 lific field for the slaving bandits, who are re- 

 cruited from the Unyamweze, and armed and 

 sustained by the Arab slave-merchants of Zan- 

 zibar. It is the practice of these monstrous 

 people to destroy whole villages, firing the 

 cabins, killing the adults, and exposing their 

 mutilated remains on trees to terrify the neigh- 

 boring towns ; the youths and women are saved 

 to be sold to the Arabs. Stanley accuses the 

 Seyyid Burghash, Sultan of Zanzibar, of coun- 

 tenancing the traffic, and denounces Seyyid bin 

 Salim, the governor of Unyamyembe, as one of 

 the principal slave-traders in Africa. Some- 

 times six to ten slaving expeditions go out in a 

 month from Nyangwe ; one, which was carried 

 out while Stanley was there, resulted, after six 

 days' slaughter, in the capture of 300 slaves and 

 1,500 goats. According to the story of his at- 

 tendants, the country lying between Mana 

 Mamba and Nyangwe, now almost a desert, was, 

 eight years before, full of villages, gardens, and 

 herds of goats and hogs ; it had been devas- 



tated by the slavers, and the process of depopu' 

 lation is spreading on all sides. The slaves are 

 employed by the Arabs to bring down ivory 

 from the interior. 



At Nyangwe, Stanley found out that Cameron 

 had abandoned the Lualaba. This decided him 

 to complete the task which Cameron had been 

 obliged to leave unaccomplished, and follow 

 the course of the Lualaba down to the sea. 

 Attended by an Arab escort, which he had en- 

 gaged to accompany them for 60 day's marches, 

 they plunged into a thick forest; and after 

 journeying three weeks on foot, at every step 

 treating with the inhospitable natives for the 

 right of advancing, they struck across for the 

 river, which they reached in latitude 3 35' 17" 

 S., 41 geographical miles north by Nyangwe. 

 Here he put together his boat, the Lady Alice, 

 and, eliciting a promise from his Zanzibese fol- 

 lowers not to turn back until they had followed 

 the course of the river down to the sea, he di- 

 vided his band, mustering about 500 fighting 

 men, into a land-party, which descended on 

 the left bank of the river, and a water-party. 

 The course of the Lualaba is northerly, in some 

 places even trending to the eastward, as far as 

 the equator, being skirted on the right by the 

 Ullegga mountains, which divide the Nile and 

 Congo basins. The first natives met with were 

 the timid and crafty tribe of fishermen called 

 "Wagenya. From the point where they launched 

 the boats, they were obliged to battle with the 

 natives for every step of their way, and re- 

 pulsed them in 32 separate conflicts. The first 

 day the land division lost their way in the 

 woods, and the encampment of the boats' crew 

 at the mouth of the Riuki river was assaulted. 

 Two days' march from there brought them to 

 the falls of Ukassa, which were passed by 

 letting the boat and canoes shoot the cataract, 

 and picking them up and righting them below. 

 On December 6th, they entered the Usongora 

 Meno country, peopled by a large and warlike 

 tribe, who set upon them in 14 large canoes, 

 responding to their friendly overtures with 

 flights of poisoned arrows. The land-party en- 

 countered the fierce Bakusus the same day. 

 Smallpox was spreading among the Arab escort, 

 18 dying in two or three days, while dysentery 

 and ulcers had prostrated many of the others, 

 when they came to Vinya Njara, whose in- 

 habitants attacked them, and which they took 

 possession of and fortified, defending them- 

 selves for two days and nights against a horde 

 gathered from all the neighboring tribes, until 

 the land-party arrived to reenforce them. At 

 Vinya Njara, 125 geographical miles north of 

 Nyangwe, the Arab escort left them. The 

 band, now numbering 146 souls, men and 

 women, proceeded in the boat and 6 canoes. 

 On January 4th they came to a series of cata- 

 racts, below the mouth of the Lumami, latitude 

 32' 36" S., which are called the Baswa 

 falls. To pass these falls they had to cut a 

 road in the bush, and drag their boats around 

 each cataract, and to build a barricade about 



