GOLDSBOEOUGH, LOUIS M. 



GOURKO, JOSEPH T. 



353 



to the Department of State, said that all of 

 Germany, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Den- 

 mark, Holland, Sweden and Norway, Switzer- 

 land, and the United States, were fully repre- 

 sented ; England, Italy, and Eussia but partly. 

 The great feature of the exhibition was .the 

 exhibit made by the American firm of Larrabee 

 & Co., of Mayence, in connection with the boot 

 and shoe factory running American ma- 

 chinery of S. Wolf, of that city. This exhibit 

 consisted of a full and complete set of all the 

 best and most approved American shoe ma- 

 chines, tools, apparatus, and supplies, which, 

 operated by 25 experienced workmen, turned 

 out boots and' shoes as in the most complete 

 American factory. It was the first oppor- 

 tunity publicly afforded in Germany for the 

 proper appreciation of the skill and perfection 

 to which the manufacture of boots and shoes 

 by machinery has attained in the United States, 

 and the fullest and frankest tribute was paid 

 to the ingenuity and enterprise displayed 

 therein. The interest excited thereby must 

 act most favorably on the introduction of 

 American shoe machinery into Germany. 

 The number of shoe factories now in Germany 

 using American machinery is 40, with an aver- 

 age daily production of 14,000 pairs. 



On April 30th a statue of Gauss, Germany's 

 greatest mathematician, was erected in his 

 native city, Brunswick, to commemorate in a 

 fitting manner his one-hundredth birthday. 



GOLDSBOROUGH, Louis MALESHERBES, an 

 American naval officer, died in Washington, 

 D. 0., February 20, 1877. He was born in that 

 city in 1805, and was appointed midshipman 

 in 1812, and made lieutenant in 1826. During 

 the Seminole War he commanded a company of 

 mounted volunteers, and also an armed steam- 

 er. He was made commander in 1841; took 

 part in the Mexican War, and was afterward 

 senior naval officer of a joint army and navy 

 commission on the Pacific coast. He became a 

 captain in 1855, and from 1853 to 1857 was 

 superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annap- 

 olis. In 1861 he was placed in command of 

 the naval part of Burnside's expedition to North 

 Carolina. He was made rear-admiral in 1862, 

 commanded theEuropean squadron in 1865-'67, 

 commanded the navy-yard at Mare Island, 

 California, in 1868, and subsequently the Wash- 

 ington Navy- Yard. 



GORTCHAKOFF, ALEXANDER MIOHAILO- 

 VITCH, Prince, the present Russian Chancellor, 

 was born July 16, 1798. He is the oldest states- 

 man in Europe, and also excels all others in his 

 term of office. He received his education in 

 the Lyceum of Zarskoye Selo, and, having com- 

 pleted his studies, entered upon his diplomatic 

 career as attach^ to Count Nesselrode, at the 

 Congresses of Laibach and Verona. In 1824 he 

 was appointed Secretary of Legation in Lon- 

 don, in 1829 Charge d 1 Affaires in Florence, and 

 in 1832 Councilor of Legation in Vienna; in 

 1841, Embassador in Stuttgart, where he nego- 

 tiated the marriage of the Grand-Duchess Olga 

 VOL. xrn. 23 A 



with the Crown-Prince of Wiirtemberg; and 

 in 1850, while at his position in Stuttgart, Rus- 

 sian Plenipotentiary to the German Bundes- 

 tag. Having been transferred as Embassador 

 to Vienna in 1854, he represented the interests 

 of Russia with such energy and success, that, in 

 1856, the Emperor Alexander appointed him 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs. As such he im- 

 proved every opportunity to oppose Austria, 

 whose ambiguous policy during the Crimean 

 War he considered as the basest ingratitude. 

 The chief features of his policy, however, were 

 to keep aloof as much as possible from all in- 

 ternational complications, and to introduce such 

 reforms as would tend to develop the im- 

 mense resources of the Empire. All those 

 internal reforms which mark the reign of 

 Alexander II. the abolition of serfdom, two 

 thorough reorganizations of the army, the con- 

 struction of an extensive railroad system, and 

 the promotion of popular education were his 

 work. This policy he very fittingly expressed 

 by his celebrated remark: "Russia collects 

 herself." Until 1863, he kept almost entirely 

 aloof from foreign questions, but in that year, 

 on the occasion of the Polish insurrection, the 

 European Powers attempted to meddle with 

 that question, and he addressed such firm and 

 energetic notes to the different Powers, that 

 an immediate end was put to all diplomatic 

 complications, while he became immensely 

 popular with the people. During the Ger- 

 man-French "War of 1870 he took such a de- 

 cided position in favor of Germany, that it 

 was impossible for Austria to interfere with 

 Prussia. On October 31, 1870, he addressed a 

 circular note to the Powers, demanding the re- 

 peal of that clause of the Treaty of Paris 

 which prohibited Russia from having an armed 

 fleet in the Black Sea. As France was com- 

 pletely crippled, and Germany was on the side 

 of Russia, the London Conference of 1871, 

 which assembled to consider this request, 

 granted it. The reconciliation with Austria 

 was brought about in 1872, by the meeting of 

 the three Emperors at Berlin. The war with 

 Turkey in 1877 was certainly one of the bold- 

 est steps of his administration ; and while the 

 opinions of the civilized world greatly differed 

 with regard to the justness of the war, the 

 ability with which he had prepared for and 

 taken this step was generally admired. 



GOURKO, JOSEPH VLADIMIBOVITCII, a Rus- 

 sian general, was born November 16 (old stylo, 

 3), 1828. He entered the army as cornet in the 

 hussars of the Imperial Guard, and, after pas.s- 

 ing through the school of the general staff, 

 was created captain in 1862. As such he took 

 part in the Crimean War. In 1857 he was ap- 

 pointed commander of the squadron of the 

 Emperor, in his old regiment of the Guards, 

 and in 1860 was created adjutant to the Em- 

 peror. In 1861 he was promoted to colonel, 

 took part in the campaign in Poland in 1863, 

 was created a major-general in the suite of the 

 Emperor in 1867, received the command of a 



