376 



HARLAN, JOHN M. 



HART, JOEL T. 



city was destroyed. A sharp discussion after- 

 ward arose between Hampton and Sherman, 

 each charging the other with the willful de- 

 struction of Columbia. The fact appears to 

 be that, as far as either was concerned, the 

 conflagration was purely accidental. 



In 1876,. General Hampton was the Dem- 

 ocratic candidate for Governor of South Caro- 

 lina. The election was followed by a deter- 

 mined contest between Hampton and the Re- 

 publican candidate, Governor D. H. Chamber- 

 lain, each claiming to have been lawfully 

 elected to the office. Both exercised the 

 functions of Governor until April 10, 1877, 

 when, by order of President Hayes, the United 

 States troops, which had been guarding the 

 State House, occupied by Governor Chamber- 

 lain, were withdrawn. The latter official then 

 ceased to assert his claim, and Hampton con- 

 tinued Governor without opposition. (See 

 SOTJTH CABOLIXA in ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 

 1876.) 



Governor Hampton is the grandson of 

 Wade Hampton, who was born in South Caro- 

 lina in 1755, and died there in 1835. He was 

 a member of Congress, and a major-general in 

 the United States Army ; and, at the time of 

 his death, was supposed to be the most wealthy 

 planter in the United States, being, as it was 

 said, the owner of more than 3,000 slaves. 



HARLAN, JOHN M., Associate Justice of the 

 Supreme Court of the United States, is about 

 forty-two years old, and is the son of James 

 Harlan, a distinguished Whig, who represented 

 one of the Kentucky districts in Congress from 

 1836 to 1839, was Secretary of State of Ken- 

 tucky from 1840 to 1844, and was Attorney- 

 General of the State from 1850 till 1863, when 

 he died. In 1859 John M. Harlan ran for 

 Congress, but was defeated by his Democratic 

 opponent. At the breaking out of the war he 

 entered the Union service, and for two years 

 was Colonel of the 10th Kentucky Infantry. 

 In 1863 he was elected Attorney-General of 

 the State on the Union ticket. After the, 

 close of his term he engaged in the practice of 

 the law in Louisville. In 1871, and again in 

 1875, he was an unsuccessful candidate for 

 Governor of Kentucky. General Harlan has 

 acquired wide celebrity as an orator, and for 

 many years has been known as one of the fore- 

 most lawyers of Kentucky. As a leader of the 

 Republican party of the State, he infused life 

 and vigor into the political canvass. He is 

 gifted with great intellectual powers, and is 

 noted for his physical strength and powers of 

 endurance. In October, 1877, he was nomi- 

 nated by President Hayes to fill the vacancy on 

 the Supreme Bench, which had been made by 

 the resignation of Associate Justice David Da- 

 vis ; and having been confirmed by the Senate, 

 he entered upon his duties early: in December. 



HARPER, FLETCHER, the laslT of the four 

 brothers who founded, in New York, the pub- 

 lishing-house of Harper & Brothers, died in 

 New York, May 29, 1877. James, the eldest 



of the four, died March 27, 1869 ; Joseph Wes- 

 ley, February 14, 1870; and John, April 22, 

 1875. They were all born at Newtown, Long 

 Island: James in 1795, John in 1797, Joseph 

 Wesley in 1801, and Fletcher in 1805. The 

 grandfather of these brothers came to this 

 country, from England, about the middle of the 

 last century. He was a schoolmaster, and set- 

 tled on a farm at Newtown, Long Island. He 

 afterward removed to New York, where, for 

 many years, he kept a grocery-store. His eld- 

 est son, Joseph, was born in 1766, became a 

 house-carpenter, cultivated a small farm, and 

 kept a retail store. In 1792 he married Eliza- 

 beth Kolyer, the daughter of a Dutch farmer. 

 Six children were the fruit of this marriage, 

 of whom the four brothers above named grew 

 to manhood, and two died in infancy. James 

 and John were early apprenticed to the trade 

 of printing, the former becoming an expert 

 pressman and the latter an excellent com- 

 positor and proof-reader. In 1817 they went 

 into business together on their own account, 

 in New York, under the name of J. & J. Har- 

 per. Wesley, who had also learned the trade 

 of printing, became a member of the firm in 

 1823, and Fletcher in 1825. The business was 

 conducted under the name, of J. & J. Harper 

 until the latter part of 1833, when the style 

 was changed to that of Harper & Brothers. Ac- 

 cording to the division of labor adopted by 

 the brothers, John Harper made most of the 

 purchases, and became the financial manager 

 of the affairs of the firm. James Harper su- 

 perintended the mechanical operations, and for 

 years before his death daily visited all the de- 

 partments. Wesley Harper, for a number of 

 years, read the proofs of all important works, 

 and conducted the correspondence of the firm. 

 Fletcher Harper, after acting for some years 

 as foreman of the composing-room, gradually 

 assumed charge of the literary departments. 

 The idea of Harper's Magazine originated with 

 James Harper. Fletcher suggested both the 

 Weekly and the Bazar. He took a special in- 

 terest in all the periodicals, and exercised a 

 careful and intelligent supervision over them, 

 not only with respect to their typographical 

 appearance and mechanical make-up, but also 

 their literary and pictorial features. The firm 

 is now composed of the descendants of the 

 original founders. 



HART, JOEL T., an American sculptor, died 

 at Florence, Italy, March 1, 1877. He was 

 born in Clark County, Ky., about 1810. His 

 education was restricted to a quarter's school- 

 ing, but he read diligently aU the books he 

 could obtain. In 1830 he entered a stone-cut- 

 ter's shop in Lexington, and soon began to 

 model busts in clay, making good likenesses of 

 many influential persons, among whom were 

 General Jackson and Cassius M. Clay. The 

 latter gave him his first commission for a bust 

 in marble. The work was so satisfactory, that 

 the artist was commissioned by the " Ladies' 

 Clay Association" of Virginia to execute a 



