MEIIEMET ALI PASHA. 



METALS. 



499 



pass with an arrangement of magnets for cor- 

 rections according to this principle. 



William de Normanville, an English invent- 

 or, has produced a new ship's log or speed-in- 

 dicator, which exhibits the vessel's rate of sail- 

 ing on a dial-plate, with numbers which give 

 the number of knots made per hour. A screw 

 or rotator, with a shaft 12 inches long by 1 

 inch in diameter, is drawn after the vessel by 

 a line about 150 feet long, which conveys the 

 rotary motion to the indicator on the deck. 

 The screw travels through the water about 8 

 feet below the surface. The mechanism of the 

 instrument is rather complicated, but the prin- 

 ciple is quite simple. The rotary motion of 

 the line is communicated to an axis through a 

 coiled spring which acts as a regulator, giving 

 the mean rate of rotation free from sudden 

 changes. In the middle of the axis are pivot- 

 ed at their centre two arms, with weights at 

 each end. The centrifugal action of these 

 arms, as they diverge more or less, according 

 to the velocity of rotation of the axis to which 

 they are attached, compresses a set of springs 

 connected with the arms, moving a collar on 

 the axis, which bears, through the medium of 

 a friction roller, on a lever connected with a 

 small chain which moves the index. 



MEHEMET ALI PASHA, the successor of 

 Abdul Kerim Pasha, as commander-in-chief 

 of the Turkish armies in Bulgaria, is the son 

 of a poor trumpeter in Magdeburg, Germany, 

 named Detroit, and was born about 1830. 

 While yet a boy, he ran away to sea, and, dur- 

 ing the stay of his ship at Constantinople, he 

 escaped on board a konak belonging to All 

 Pasha, the celebrated statesman. The latter 

 afforded him his protection, and in 1850 sent 

 him to the Military School, where Mehemet 

 Ali distinguished himself by diligence and in- 

 telligence. He entered the army in 1853, and 

 took part in the campaign of the Danube against 

 the Russians. At Oltenitza he was under fire 

 for the first time, and soon gave proofs of in- 

 trepidity and even daring, winning universal 

 commendation. Omer Pasha noticed the con- 

 duct of the young officer, and placed him on 

 his staff ; and in this capacity he went through 

 the Russian war, and, later, the campaigns in 

 Montenegro, Arabia, and Bosnia. He became 

 a colonel in 1863, and in 1865 was made a 

 pasha, with the rank of liva or brigadier. He 

 was employed with distinction during the in- 

 surrection in Crete, and again on the Monte- 

 negrin frontier. In 1873 he was given the 

 chief command of the forces in Thessaly, in 

 order to put an end to the excesses of the ban- 

 ditti, which had become intolerable. Mehemet 

 Ali acquitted himself of this difficult task with 

 great ability. He remained here until, in 1875, 

 the insurrection broke out in the Herzegovina, 

 when he was called to Bosnia. During the 

 war with Servia he had his headquarters at 

 Sienitza. In 1877 he was intrusted with the 

 invasion of Montenegro from the northeast. 

 At the close of June he led his troops in forced 



marches from the Montenegrin border around 

 the southern point of Servia, up to Nissa, from 

 there to Sophia, and from there to the southern 

 slope of the Balkans. Here he was met by the 

 order to repair to Constantinople, where he ar- 

 rived on July 18th. He was received by the 

 Grand Vizier and Safvet Pasha, who led him 

 directly to the Sultan, who announced to him 

 his totally unexpected appointment to he chief 

 command. On October 4th, however, he was 

 removed to make way for Suleiman Pasha. In 

 November he was put in command of the army 

 of Sophia. 



METALS. Allotropie Gold. Investigations 

 made by Julius Thomsen go to show that gold 

 presents allotropio modifications, according to 

 the nature of the solutions from which it is ob- 

 tained, and the reagent from which it is precip- 

 itated. The modifications examined by him 

 are gold precipitated from solution of the chlo- 

 ride and bromide respectively by sulphurous 

 acid, and that precipitated from the sub-chloride, 

 sub-bromide, and sub-iodide. These modifica- 

 tions differ in the amount of heat evolved by 

 each in similar reactions. As the energy shown 

 by the gold precipitated from solution of the 

 chloride by sulphurous acid is less than in the 

 other cases, this amount is taken as the stand- 

 ard. The energy of the gold precipitated from 

 the bromide is greater by 3.2 heat-units, and 

 that precipitated from the sub-chloride, sub- 

 iodide, or sub-bromide by 4.7 heat-units per 

 atom. 



Crystallization of Metals under the Action 

 of Galvanic Currents. The crystallization of 

 metals under the action of galvanic currents 

 was the subject of a report made by Shidlovsky 

 to the Russian Chemical and Physical Society. 

 Placing on the object-glass of the microscope 

 two fine metallic plates, the edges of which are 

 about one-quarter of a millimetre distant, im- 

 mersing them in a drop of water, and passing 

 a current through, the author watched the 

 growth of small ramified threads of metallic 

 crystals transported from the cathode to the 

 anode plate. The growth of these tree-like 

 agglomerations goes on with great rapidity; 

 their branches spread out to the anode plate, 

 vibrate on reaching it, and collapse, while an- 

 other ramified tree grows from the cathode, 

 spreading out to the anode ; this goes on until 

 the space between the plates is filled with a 

 spongy metallic mass. Each of the metals ex- 

 perimented on lead, silver, zinc, tin, copper, 

 and iron gives its own characteristic ramifi- 

 cations, and if the two plates be of different 

 metals, the tree has ramifications characteristic 

 of the metal of which the anode plate is made. 

 Gold and platinum do notexhibitany appearance 

 of crystalline trees, nor does the crystallization 

 appear when the anode is gold or platinum. 

 Iron submitted to a continuous current does 

 not show a transport of crystals, but the 

 phenomenon appears immediately when the 

 currents are originated by a Ruhmkorff coil 

 or by a Holtz machine. Iron-powder sua- 



