MOTLEY, JOHN L. 



MUKHTAR PASHA. 



535 



MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHBOP, was born in Dor- 

 chester, Mass., April 15, 1814, and died at Dor- 

 setshire, England, May 29, 1877. He gradu- 

 ated at Harvard College in 1831, and spent a 

 year at each of the Universities of Gottingen 

 and Berlin, after which he traveled in the 

 south of Europe, chiefly in Italy. On his 

 return to America he studied law, and was 

 admitted to the bar in 1836, but he practised 

 little. In 1839 he published a novel entitled 

 "Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Young 

 Provincial." In 1840 he was appointed Sec- 

 retary of Legation to the American Embassy 

 to Russia, and held the post for about eight 

 months, when he resigned, and returned to the 

 United States. In 1849 he published "Merry 

 Mount, a Romance of the Massachusetts Col- 

 ony." Meanwhile he contributed various arti- 

 cles to some of the leading reviews. About 

 1846 he began to collect materials for the his- 

 tory of Holland, writing enough to form two 

 volumes ; but, unable to find at home the au- 

 thorities necessary for the thorough prosecu- 

 tion of the subject, he embarked for Europe 

 with his family in 1851. Dissatisfied with his 

 previous labors, he threw aside all he had 

 written, and began his task anew. In Berlin, 

 Dresden, and the Hague, he passed most of his 

 time during the next five years in the compo- 

 sition of his history, " The Rise of the Dutch 

 Republic " (3 vols. 8vo, London and New York, 

 1856). It was reprinted in English at Amster- 

 dam, and was translated into Dutch under the 

 supervision of the historian Bakhuyzen van 

 den Brink, who prefixed an introductory chap- 

 ter. A German translation was published at 

 Leipsic and Dresden; and a French transla- 

 tion, with an introduction by Guizot, was pub- 

 lished in 1859 in Paris, and another in Brus- 

 sels in 1859-'60. It was also translated into 

 Russian. In 1860 Mr. Motley published the 

 first two volumes of the second portion of the 

 work, entitled "The History of the United 

 Netherlands, from the Death of William the 

 Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce, 1609 ; " and 

 in 1867 it was completed in two additional vol- 

 umes. This was followed in 1874 by "The 

 Life and Death of John of Barneveld, Advo- 

 cate of Holland ; with a View of the Primary 

 Causes of the Thirty Years' War " (2 vols.). 

 He was elected a member of various learned 

 societies in Europe and America, among them 

 of the Institute of France, in place of Mr. W. 

 II. Prescott. In 1860 he received the degree 

 of D. C. L. from the University of Oxford, 

 and that of LL. D. from Harvard College. He 

 also received the degree of LL. D. from the 

 University of Cambridge, England. In 1861 

 he published in the London Time a paper 

 entitled " Causes of the American Civil War," 

 and in 1868 delivered before the Now York 

 Historical Society an address on "Historic 

 Progress and American Democracy." On No- 

 vember 14, 1861, he was appointed Minister 

 to Austria, and resigned in 1867. On the ac- 

 cession of President Grant in 1869, he was ap- 



pointed Minister to England, but was recalled 

 in November, 1870, when he revisited Holland, 

 and afterward went to England. At the time 

 of his death he was engaged in writing a his- 

 tory of the Thirty Years' War. 



MUHLENBERG, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, an 

 American clergyman, great-grandson of Hen- 

 ry Melchior Muhlenberg, was born in Phila- 

 delphia, Pa., September 16, 1796, and died in 

 New York City, April 8, 1877. He gradu- 

 ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1814, 

 was ordained for the ministry of the Protes- 

 tant Episcopal Church in 1817, and became as- 

 sistant in Christ's Church, of which Bishop 

 White was rector. In 1821 he accepted the 

 rectorship of St. James's Church, Lancaster, 

 where he was instrumental in establishing the 

 first public school in the State out of Philadel- 

 phia. He founded, in 1828, a school at Flush- 

 ing, Long Island, which was afterward known 

 as St. Paul's College, and for nearly 20 years 

 was its principal. In 1846 he became rector of 

 the Church of the Holy Communion, New 

 York, which was erected by his sister, and 

 was the earliest free Episcopal Church. Not 

 long afterward he began his efforts to secure 

 the founding of St. Luke's Hospital, which was 

 erected in Fifth Avenue and 54th Street, and 

 opened in 1858, Dr. Muhlenberg becoming its 

 first pastor and superintendent, which position 

 he held until his death. In 1845 he organized 

 the first Protestant sisterhood in the United 

 States, and the ladies of this association are in 

 charge of St. Luke's Hospital. He also, within 

 the -past few years, made an effective begin- 

 ning toward establishing an industrial Chris- 

 tian settlement at St. Johnland, Long Island, 

 about 45 miles from New York. He was the 

 author of the well-known hymns, "I would 

 not live alway," " Like Noah's Weary Dove," 

 "Shout the Glad Tidings," and "Saviour, 

 who Thy Flock art feeding." He published 

 " Church Poetry, being Portions of the Psalms 

 iu Verse, and Hymns suited to the Festivals 

 and Fasts, from Various Authors" (1823); in 

 conjunction with Bishop Wainwright, "Mu- 

 sic of the Church" (1852); and "The Peo- 

 ple's Psalter" (1858). He originated the fa- 

 mous memorial movement in the Episcopal 

 Church, and wrote much on evangelical catho- 

 lic union. 



MUKHTAR PASHA, the Turkish command- 

 er-in-chief in Asia, is about forty-five years of 

 age, and is reported to be a natural son of the 

 late Sultan Abdul Medjid, to whom he is nap- 

 posed to owe his rapid promotion. He was a 

 pupil of the Constantinople Military School, and 

 successively rose to be a professor and governor 

 of that institution. He served ns officer on the 

 general staff in the war against Montenegro in 

 1862, and under Redif Pasha in the petty cam- 

 paigns against the Arabs and Bedouins. Upon 

 the departure of Redif Pasha for CotiBtantino- 

 ple, he was appointed Vali of Yemen and com- 

 mander of the troops of this vilayet Upon the 

 outbreak of the insurrection in Bosnia, he was 



