596 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



S0TTON, Viscount, born May 27, 1814; died 

 April 24, 1877. He was M. P. for Cambridge 

 Borough from 1841 to 1847, and Under- Secre- 

 tary of the Home Department, 1841-'46. He 

 had been Lieutenant-Governor of New Bruns- 

 wick, Governor of Trinidad, and Governor and 

 Oommander-in-Chief of Victoria, and at the 

 time of his death was Registrar of the Faculty 

 Court. He succeeded his brother in 1869, and 

 is himself succeeded by his son Henry Charles, 

 born in 1839. 



CAPALTI, HANNIBAL, an Italian cardinal, born 

 January 21, 1811 ; died October 18, 1877. He 

 was created a cardinal-deacon in 1868. He 

 was one of the Presidents of the (Ecumenical 

 Council, in which he strongly attacked the 

 group of French, German, Hungarian, and Ori- 

 ental bishops who opposed the dogma of in- 

 fallibility. 



CARPENTER, Miss MART, a British philan- 

 thropist, born in 1807 ; died June 15, 1877. 

 She took an active part in the reformatory 

 movement, more especially in Bristol, where 

 she founded and superintended a reformatory 

 institution for females. In 1866 she visited 

 India for philanthropic purposes, and returned 

 to England the following year. She subse- 

 quently visited India in 1868-'69, and again in 

 1869-'70, to promote female education. She 

 continued to devote her attention to this work 

 up to her death. She was the author of "Re- 

 formatory Schools for Children" (1851), "Ju- 

 venile Delinquents, their Condition and Treat- 

 ment," "Our Convicts" (1864), and "Six 

 Months in India " (1867). In 1871 she founded 

 the National Indian Association, and became 

 the editor of its Journal. 



CASTELNAU, ALBERT, a French deputy, born 

 September 25, 1823; died October 5, 1877. 

 He was elected to the National Assembly from 

 Herault, in 1871, and to the Chamber of Depu- 

 ties in 1876, and in both bodies voted with the 

 Extreme Left. He was one of the 363 pre- 

 sented by the Republicans for reelection in 

 1877. 



CAUCHT, EUGENE, a French lawyer, died at 

 an advanced age in April, 1877. He was Sec- 

 retary of the Archives in the Luxembourg, 

 was an officer of the Legion of Honor, and a 

 member of the Academy of Moral Sciences. 

 He was the author of a number of legal works. 

 In 1862 he received from the Academy the first 

 prize, 1,500 francs, for a '' Memoire sur les 

 Origines, les Variations et lesProgres du Droit 

 Maritime International." 



CAVENTOU, JOSEPH BIENAIME, a French chem- 

 ist, born June 30, 1795 ; died May 5, 1877. In 

 1820, while engaged in chemical researches, he, 

 together with Pelletier, discovered the sulphate 

 of quinine. But instead of keeping this valua- 

 ble discovery to themselves, they used all pos- 

 sible means to make it known, and in 1837 they 

 were rewarded with the grand prize of Mont- 

 you, consisting of 10,000 francs. He was a 

 member of the Academy of Medicine, and an 

 officer of the Legion of Honor. He had written 



a number of books, and had contributed to 

 various chemical journals. 



CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THEODCLE, a 

 French general, born April 28, 1793; died 

 February 14, 1 877. He was educated at St.- 

 Cyr, which he left in 1815 to join as a simple 

 private one of the privileged companies of 

 Louis XVIII.'s body-guard. In 1823 he took 

 part in the Spanish campaign, and in 1825 ob- 

 tained the rank of captain. His promotion 

 was very slow, until his exploits in Algeria 

 earned him distinction, General St.-Arnand 

 styling him the " African Massena." Becom- 

 ing successively lieutenant-colonel, colonel, 

 major-general, and general of division, the 

 Due d'Aumale, on becoming Governor of Al- 

 geria in 1847, resigned into his hands the chief 

 military command. After the revolution of 

 1848 he returned to France. Lamartine offered 

 him the Berlin embassy, but he preferred his 

 profession to diplomacy, and on the outbreak 

 of the Paris disturbances in April he spontane- 

 ously placed himself at the head of the avail- 

 able forces and restored order. In June, at the 

 next supplementary elections, he was elected 

 deputy for the Seine, though he had then suc- 

 ceeded Cavaignac in Algeria, and the latter, on 

 becoming head of the Government, gave him 

 the command of the Paris National Guard, 

 which suppressed more than one outbreak. 

 This post he retained until 1851, when, after 

 incessant attacks from both Bonapartists and 

 Radicals, the Prince-President removed him. 

 He was one of those arrested on December 2d, 

 and banished from France. He took up his 

 residence at Mechlin, refusing to profit by the 

 permission to return home until the amnesty 

 of 1859. Not until the eve of the war of 1870 

 did he offer his services, which Marshal Leboeuf 

 courteously but firmly declined. After the first 

 disasters the Emperor was touched at the ar- 

 rival of the aged soldier and allowed him to 

 join the staff. On Bazaine taking the com- 

 mand, Changarnier remained with him at 

 Metz. In October he was sent to Prince 

 Frederick Charles to negotiate for the free de- 

 parture of the garrison for Algeria, or for an 

 armistice. He accompanied the army into 

 captivity, and at the close of the war was 

 elected deputy by three departments. He took 

 his seat on the Right Centre, and though he 

 had long been M. Thiors's friend and admirer, 

 he took an active part in his overthrow, his 

 impetuous interpellations and interruptions 

 making him a prominent member. He pro- 

 moted the fusion of the Legitimists and Or- 

 leanists; but, on the Comte de Chambord's 

 letter rendering monarchy impossible, he pro- 

 posed the renewal of the Marshal's power for 

 ten years, a term eventually reduced to seven. 

 He voted steadily with the Right and against 

 the new Constitution, but his voice was scarcely 

 heard after the summer of 1874, when he ad- 

 vocated an early prorogation. He was elected 

 a Senator for life by the Assembly in 1875. 



CHARLES WILLIAM Louis, Prince of Hesse, 



