628 



ORTON, JAMES. 



OWEN, ROBERT D. 



fact could not under any possible state of cir- 

 cumstances operate to elect Cronin, a minority 

 candidate ; that Governor Grover acted with- 

 out his jurisdiction, and his action was ultra 

 vires and void ; that the certificate of the Gov- 

 erno# is no part of the appointment of an elec- 

 tor, being simply evidence of an appointment, 

 but not a conclusive one, and may be inquired 

 into by the counting tribunal and disregarded 

 or set aside, either in whole or in part, for mis- 

 take and fraud ; that the action of the Secre- 

 tary of State in canvassing the vote for elec- 

 tors was conclusive as to the persons appointed 

 electors, and cannot be questioned either by 

 the Governor in issuing a certificate or by any 

 tribunal ; that the record made to the Presi- 

 dent of the Senate through the certificates of 

 the College of Electors represented by Odell, 

 Cartwright, and Watts, the persons declared 

 by the Secretary of State to have received the 

 highest number of votes, is conclusive upon the 

 point as to whether there was any vacancy in 

 the college, and as to how and by whom such 

 vacancy was filled, and cannot now be ques- 

 tioned by the President of the Senate, either 

 House of Congress, or the Electoral Tribunal ; 

 that the resignation of Watts as an elector 

 having created a vacancy in the office of elec- 

 tor, it was legally filled by Watts's reelection ; 

 that conceding Cronin to have been an elec- 

 tor (which we deny), his refusal to exhibit or 

 deliver to the College of Electors his certifi- 

 cate from the Governor, and his withdraw- 

 ing and organizing a college of his own, was 

 upon his part such a ' refusal to act ' within 

 the meaning of the statute of Oregon as to 

 occasion a vacancy in the office which Odeli 

 and Cartwright could under the statutes of 

 Oregon legally fill, and which it was their duty 

 to fill." 



Fossil bones of the elephant, camel, horse, 

 elk, and smaller quadrupeds, and numerous re- 

 mains of birds and fishes, have been discovered 

 in mounds of lava, a few miles to the north- 

 west of the Fossil Lakes in Lake County. Lit- 

 tle study has as yet been given to the deposits, 

 but they are presumed to have considerable 

 scientific interest. 



ORTON, JAMES, an American naturalist, 

 died while crossing Lake Titicaca, en route for 

 Puno, on September 24th. He was born at 

 Seneca Falls, N. Y., April 21, 1830, and grad- 

 uated at Williams College in 1855, at the An- 

 dover Theological Seminary in 1858, and, after 

 traveling in Europe and the East, was or- 

 dained a Congregational minister in 1860. In 

 1866 he became instructor in the natural sci- 

 ences in Rochester University, and in 1867 led 

 an expedition from Williams College across 

 South America, by Quito, the Napo, and the 

 Amazon, discovering the first fossils found in 

 the Amazon Valley. Since 1869 he had been 

 professor of natural history in Vassar College. 

 In 1873 he made a second journey across South 

 America, from Para up the Amazon to Lima and 

 Lake Titicaca. He published " The Miner's 



Guide and Metallurgist's Directory" (N"ew 

 York, 1849); "The Proverbialist and Poet" 

 (Philadelphia, 1852) ; " The Andes and the 

 Amazon" (New York, 1870); "Underground 

 Treasures: how and where to find them" 

 (Hartford, 1872) ; " The Liberal Education of 

 Women " (New York, 1873) ; and " Compara- 

 tive Zoology " (1875). 



OSMAN'PASHA, the Turkish commander 

 at Plevna, was born about 1830. When his 

 name first became prominent, in 1877, by the 

 successful defense of Plevna, his identity was 

 for a time in doubt. It was stated that he was 

 Marshal Bazaine, the defender of Metz, then 

 that he was a Prussian renegade, and finally 

 some American papers stated that he was an 

 American soldier of fortune, by the name or 

 Clay Crawford. These stories were all refuted 

 by the Turkish minister to the United States. 

 According to this statement he is a Turk by 

 race, by birth, and education. He received 

 his early education under the direction of his 

 brother, Hussein Effendi, for many years pro- 

 fessor of Arabic in the Preparatory School of 

 Constantinople. He afterward entered the 

 Military Academy, and completed his studies 

 in 1853, just in time to take part in the Cri- 

 mean War. He was appointed on the staff 

 and sent to Shumla. From that time little is 

 known of him until the Cretan insurrection, 

 during which he was promoted to a colonelcy 

 for his bravery. At the outbreak of the Ser- 

 vian war he was chief of staff of the fourth 

 Turkish army corps, and was at once assigned 

 to the command of the Widin division, with 

 which he captured Saitchar. After the con- 

 clusion of peace he was raised to the rank of 

 Mnshir (Field-Marshal). It is also stated that 

 at all times, and under every circumstance, he 

 succeeded in obtaining the esteem and approval 

 of his superiors, and that he is well known 

 for coolness and military capacities. For an 

 account of his career during the war of 1877, 

 see TUKKEY. 



OWEN", ROBERT DALE, an American author, 

 eldest son of Robert Owen, an English social 

 reformer, died at Lake George, N. Y., June 

 24th. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, 

 November 7, 1801, and his early years were 

 spent at New Lanark, under the care of a pri- 

 vate tutor. In 1818 he was sent to Fellen- 

 berg's school at Hofwyl, Switzerland, where 

 he remained upward of three years. He ac- 

 companied his father to the United States, in 

 November, 1823, lived for some time at New 

 Harmony, Ind., and in the autumn of 1828 

 commenced at New York, in partnership with 

 Miss Frances Wright, a weekly paper called 

 The Free Inquirer, which was continued for 

 three ye#rs. He then removed to New Har- 

 mony, where he was three times (1835-'38) 

 elected a member of the Indiana Legislature. 

 In 1843 and 1845 he was elected to Congress 

 as a Democrat, serving till 1847. He took a 

 leading part in settling the northwest boundary 

 dispute. In 1845 he introduced the bill organ- 



