640 



POKTUGAL. 



stereotype or electrotype the sheet of tin-foil 

 after it has received the impressions of the 

 stylus. Or the cylinder might be made of a 

 material plastic at first, and becoming hard 

 afterward. A detachable sheet of papier mache 

 might be made to receive the impressions, and 

 could then be sent through the mails, thus 

 conveying to friends at a distance the very 

 words and tones of their correspondents. It 

 is announced that Mr. Edison has now per- 

 fected his instrument so that it can be heard 

 distinctly at a distance of 200 feet ; and so 

 simple are the conditions of increasing the 

 sounds that there is practically no limit to the 

 improvement of the machine in this direc- 

 tion. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in Southwestern 

 Europe. King, Luiz I., born October 31, 1838 ; 

 succeeded his brother, King Pedro V., Novem- 

 ber 11, 1861 ; married October 6, 1862, to Pia, 

 youngest daughter of King Victor Emanuel of 

 Italy. Issue of the union are two sons : Car- 

 los, born September 28, 1863, and Alfonso, 

 born July 31, 1865. 



The area, according to the " Annuario Esta- 

 tistico do Eeino de Portugal " (1877), was 35,- 

 843 square miles ; the population, according to 

 the Diario do Govemo, Nos. 109 and 115 for 

 1877, 4,429,332. The area and population of 

 the several provinces were as follows: 



The area and population of the Portuguese 

 possessions in Asia and Africa were, according 

 to the latest dates, as follows : 



The following were the gross sums of the 

 budget estimates for the financial year 1867 

 (value expressed in contos and milreis : 1 conto 

 = 1,000 milreis ; 1 milreis = $1.08 ; 5,701 : 480 

 means 5,701 contos and 480 milreis) : 



REVENUE. 



1. Direct taxes 5.701 : 480 



2. Register 2,704:600 



8. Indirect taxes 18,637: 6S4 



4. National domain 2,112:563 



5. Interest on bonds in Public Exchequer. . . 1,105 : 797 



Total 25,262:124 



EXPEXDIT17RE. 



1. Interest on home and foreign debt 10,580 : 984 



2. Ministry of Finance 4,659 : 166 



of Foreign Affairs 253:623 



of the Interior 2,108 : 083 



of Worship and Justice 562:286. 



of War 8,698 : 478 



of the Navv and Colonies 1,665:554 



of Public Works 8,101:551 



Total 26,424:685 



The public debt of Portugal dates from the 

 year 1796, when the first loan of 4,000,000 

 milreis was raised. In 1835 it amounted to 

 55,000,000 milreis ; in 1876 to 347,512 : 700. 



TOWEK OF BELEJf. 



The military system is based on the law ol 

 June 23, 1864, which has been modified bj 

 several decrees of the year 1868, as well as bj 

 decrees of October 4, 1869, December 15, 1875, 

 and April 26, 1877. The strength of the army 

 in 1877, on the peace-footing, was computed at 

 1,609 officers and 32,394 men ; on the war- 

 footing, 2,649 officers and 74,141 men. The 

 actual strength of the army on August 31, 

 1877, was 1,671 officers and 34,062 men. 



The navy in 1877 consisted of 27 steamers 

 of 4,255 horse-power and 144 guns, and 12 

 sailing vessels of 36 guns, together 39 vessels, 

 with 180 guns. 



The trade of Portugal in 1874 was as follow? 

 (value expressed in contos) : 



