682 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



for ages past, wLile, in Constantinople itself, 

 we see that not only religious processions are 

 allowed, but that the Ottoman military sup- 

 plies them with a guard of honor." During 

 the year Pius IX. made three promotions of 

 Cardinal, giving that dignity, March 12th, to 

 Francis Paul Benavides y Navarrete, Patriarch 

 of the West Indies ; Francis X. Apuzzo, Arch- 

 bishop of Capua; Manuel Garcia Gil, Arch- 

 bishop of Saragossa ; Edward Howard, Arch- 

 bishop of Neo-Caesarea ; Michael Paya y 

 Rico, Archbishop of Compostella ; Louis M. 

 J. E. Caverot, Archbishop of Lyons ; Louis di 

 Canossa, Bishop of Verona ; Louis Serafini, 

 Bishop of Viterbo priests; and to Lorenzo 

 Nina, ^Eneas Sbaretti, Frederick de Falloux 

 du Coudray, deacons ; on June 22d, to Joseph 

 Mihalovitz, Archbishop of Zagabriaz ; J. B. 

 Kutschker, Archbishop of Vienna ; and Lucido 

 M. Parocchi, Archbishop of Bologna ; and on 

 the 28th of December to Vincent Moretto, 

 Archbishop of Ravenna, and Anthony, of the 

 Counts Pellegrini, deacon. 



The Sacred College lost during the year 

 Cardinals Vannicelli Casoni, Trevisanato, De 

 Angelis, Bizzari, Riario Sforza, and Capalti. 

 A Catholic Congress was held at Bergamo, in 

 Italy, and received an encouraging brief (Sep- 

 tember 27th). Similar meetings were held in 

 Germany (September 9th) and other countries. 



The position of the Catholic Church in Ger- 

 many, during 1877, continued to be one of 

 great difficulty ; bishops and priests were still 

 constantly punished for exercising the minis- 

 try without the sanction of government ; and 

 another Catholic bishop, Dr. Blum, of Lim- 

 burg, Nassau, was deposed from the episco- 

 pate by a State court (June 13th). The number 

 of Catholic parishes deprived of pastors stead- 

 ily increased, the State having decided that, 

 on the death of the pastor, the curate's assist- 

 ants could no longer exercise the ministry, 

 and several were punished for continuing to 

 discharge their duties. In a few cases priests 

 were installed in Catholic parishes without any 

 appointment by a bishop, but simply by gov- 

 ernment authority. These were known as 

 " State priests," and were at once excommuni- 

 cated by the bishops. They formed a class 

 distinct from the so-called " Old Catholics." 

 The government maintained a strict super- 

 vision at Marpingen, where an apparition was 

 said to have taken place, and many obnoxious 

 to the authorities were punished by fine and 

 imprisonment. 



The position in Switzerland resembled that 

 of Germany, in some respects ; bishops had been 

 expelled from their sees, though the State did 

 not assume to depose or consecrate ; many 

 Catholic churches had been seized, and State 

 priests put in by the votes of the few who voted 

 at elections for pastors under a State law, and 

 all State influence was given to foster the Old 

 Catholic movement. No events of general 

 importance marked the history of the Church 

 in the other States of Western Europe. But 



in Poland the persecution of the Greek Uniats 

 continued with unrelenting force, especially in 

 the diocese of Chelm, where troops compelled 

 the Catholics to enter their churches, where a 

 State priest was officiating. All were then 

 declared to have conformed to the State 

 Church ; and many, for resisting, were cut to 

 pieces by the soldiers. An official act sup- 

 pressed the diocese of Chelm, and all the 

 Catholic clergy are removed. The statements 

 in Catholic journals were denied by the Rus- 

 sian Government, but were fully substantiated 

 in a report made to the English Government, 

 and published by Parliament. Among Catho- 

 lic anniversaries of the year in Europe was 

 that at Kremsmunster, in Austria, where a 

 Benedictine monastery celebrated the eleven- 

 hundredth anniversary of its foundation. 



In America, the Catholic Church in Mexico, 

 Colombia, and Ecuador, had more or less diffi- 

 culty with the civil powers. In Mexico, 

 Bishop Moreno, of Lower California, was im- 

 prisoned, and finally expelled ; in Colombia, 

 the Bishop of Popayan was banished (March 

 18th) ; in Ecuador, the whole system of Garcia 

 Moreno was swept away. Archbishop Checa, 

 of Quito, was poisoned at the altar on Good 

 Friday (March 30th) ; on May 28th, President 

 Veintimillia suspended the Concordat en- 

 tered into between the Pope and the Republic 

 in 1863, and revived an old Colombian law. 

 In June the Administrator of Quito was ban- 

 ished. Against these acts the bishops pro- 

 tested, and notably the Bishop of Riobamla 

 (September llth). 



In Canada, the action of some clergymen 

 warning their parishioners against voting for 

 men of atheistical ideas had been held by the 

 authorities to invalidate the elections. The 

 Archbishop of Quebec and his suffragans sus- 

 tained the priests (March 27th), and the whole 

 affair was laid before the Pope, who sent Dr. 

 Conroy, Bishop of Ardagh, as ablegate to ex- 

 amine the whole question on the spot, and also 

 the matter of the establishment of a second 

 Cathoh'c university at Montreal, that at Quebec 

 being considered by many as local rather than 

 Canadian. He arrived May 17th, and remained 

 till the close of the year. The Catholic Church 

 in Canada was gratified by the decree of Pius 

 IX. (September 20th) permitting the introduc- 

 tion of the cause for the beatification of the 

 Venerable Mother Mary of the Incarnation, 

 who founded the Ursuline Convent at Quebec 

 in the early days of the colony. 



The foreign missions of the Catholic Church 

 record a persecution in China, in which Pe- 

 houetsin was beheaded near Nanking (January 

 13th). Difficulties occurred in the White Earth 

 Indian Reservation (March 1st), in which the 

 United States Government expelled the Catho- 

 lic missionary, and seized all his chapel furni- 

 ture. Missions were begun during the year 

 among the Urlichez, Therelchez, Quinechez, 

 and Palmachez, Patagonian Indian tribes, by 

 priests of the Salesian Congregation of Turin, 



